Al-Farabi: The Second Teacher
Forobiy: Ikkinchi muallim
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Buyuk faylasuf Abu Nasr Forobiy hayoti, falsafasi va musiqa nazariyasi haqida.
Kalit so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlar matnda uchraydi va matnda ajratib ko‘rsatiladi. Bosing — talaffuzini eshitasiz.
⏱ O‘qish boshlanganda vaqt o‘lchanadi — oxirida tezligingizni ko‘rasiz.
👆 Istalgan so‘zni bosing — tarjimasi yoki lug‘atga havola chiqadi.
In the intellectual tradition of the medieval Islamic world, one thinker was considered second only to Aristotle himself. Abu Nasr al-Farabi, known in Latin Europe as Alpharabius, was honoured with the title “the Second Teacher”, Aristotle being the first. His commentaries on Greek philosophy, his political thought and his writings on music influenced scholars from Central Asia to Spain for centuries, yet remarkably little is known with certainty about his life.
O‘rta asr islom olamining intellektual an’anasida bir mutafakkir faqat Arastuning o‘zidan keyingi o‘rinda turgan deb hisoblangan. Lotin Yevropasida Alfarabius nomi bilan tanilgan Abu Nasr Forobiy “Ikkinchi muallim” unvoni bilan sharaflangan, birinchisi esa Arastu edi. Uning yunon falsafasiga sharhlari, siyosiy tafakkuri va musiqa haqidagi asarlari asrlar davomida Markaziy Osiyodan Ispaniyagacha bo‘lgan olimlarga ta’sir ko‘rsatgan, biroq uning hayoti haqida aniq ma’lumot hayratlanarli darajada kam.
He was born around 870, probably near the town of Farab on the Syr Darya, in a region that today lies in southern Kazakhstan, although some historians have argued for a birthplace in present-day Afghanistan. He appears to have been of Turkic origin. As a young man he travelled to Baghdad, then the greatest centre of learning in the world, where he studied logic with Christian scholars who belonged to a tradition of teaching Aristotle that stretched back to ancient Alexandria. Later in life he moved to Aleppo and Damascus, where he died around 950.
U taxminan 870-yilda, ehtimol Sirdaryo bo‘yidagi Forob shahri yaqinida, bugungi kunda Qozog‘iston janubida joylashgan hududda tug‘ilgan, garchi ba’zi tarixchilar uning tug‘ilgan joyi hozirgi Afg‘oniston deb ta’kidlagan bo‘lsa ham. U turkiy kelib chiqishga ega bo‘lganga o‘xshaydi. Yoshligida u o‘sha paytda dunyodagi eng buyuk ilm markazi bo‘lgan Bag‘dodga borib, Arastuni o‘qitish an’anasi qadimgi Iskandariyagacha borib taqaladigan nasroniy olimlar qo‘lida mantiq o‘rgangan. Umrining keyingi davrida u Halab va Damashqqa ko‘chib o‘tgan va u yerda taxminan 950-yilda vafot etgan.
Al-Farabi’s central ambition was to show that philosophy and religion were not in conflict but expressed the same truths in different ways. Philosophy, he argued, reaches truth through rigorous demonstration, which only a few people are capable of following; religion presents the same truths through images and symbols that can be understood and acted upon by the whole community. This view was both influential and controversial, since it seemed to place philosophers above religious scholars.
Forobiyning asosiy maqsadi falsafa va din bir-biriga zid emasligini, balki bir xil haqiqatlarni turli yo‘llar bilan ifodalashini ko‘rsatish edi. Uning ta’kidlashicha, falsafa haqiqatga faqat oz sonli odamlar kuzatib bora oladigan qat’iy isbot orqali yetadi; din esa xuddi shu haqiqatlarni butun jamiyat tushunishi va amal qilishi mumkin bo‘lgan obrazlar va ramzlar orqali taqdim etadi. Bu qarash ham ta’sirli, ham bahsli edi, chunki u faylasuflarni diniy olimlardan yuqori qo‘yadigandek tuyulgan.
His most famous work, usually translated as “The Opinions of the Inhabitants of the Virtuous City”, draws on Plato’s “Republic” to describe an ideal society. In al-Farabi’s vision, the purpose of a state is not merely to provide security or wealth but to help its citizens achieve true happiness, which he understood as the perfection of the intellect. Such a city must be governed by a ruler who combines philosophical wisdom with the practical ability to persuade and lead. He contrasted the virtuous city with various “ignorant” cities, whose citizens pursue only wealth, pleasure, honour or power.
Uning odatda “Fozil odamlar shahri aholisining qarashlari” deb tarjima qilinadigan eng mashhur asari ideal jamiyatni tasvirlash uchun Aflotunning “Davlat” asariga tayanadi. Forobiy tasavvurida davlatning maqsadi shunchaki xavfsizlik yoki boylikni ta’minlash emas, balki fuqarolariga haqiqiy baxtga erishishga yordam berishdir, u buni aqlning kamoloti deb tushungan. Bunday shaharni falsafiy donishmandlikni ishontirish va boshqarishning amaliy qobiliyati bilan uyg‘unlashtirgan hukmdor boshqarishi kerak. U fozil shaharni fuqarolari faqat boylik, lazzat, sharaf yoki hokimiyatga intiladigan turli “johil” shaharlarga qarama-qarshi qo‘ygan.
Al-Farabi was also one of the most important music theorists of the Middle Ages. His “Great Book of Music” combines mathematical analysis of intervals and scales with practical descriptions of instruments, particularly the oud, and discusses the effects of music on the emotions. A popular legend, almost certainly invented later, claims that he once played at the court of a ruler, making the audience first laugh, then weep, and finally fall asleep, after which he slipped quietly away.
Forobiy, shuningdek, O‘rta asrlarning eng muhim musiqa nazariyotchilaridan biri edi. Uning “Musiqa haqida katta kitob”i intervallar va tovushqatorlarning matematik tahlilini asboblar, ayniqsa ud haqidagi amaliy tavsiflar bilan birlashtiradi va musiqaning his-tuyg‘ularga ta’sirini muhokama qiladi. Deyarli aniq keyinroq to‘qib chiqarilgan mashhur rivoyatga ko‘ra, u bir hukmdor saroyida chalib, tinglovchilarni avval kuldirgan, keyin yig‘latgan va nihoyat uxlatib qo‘ygan, so‘ng sekingina chiqib ketgan.
His influence on later thinkers was profound. Ibn Sina, perhaps the most famous philosopher of the Islamic world, recorded that he had read Aristotle’s “Metaphysics” forty times without understanding it, until he happened to buy a small book by al-Farabi in a bookseller’s market, which made everything clear. Through Ibn Sina, Ibn Rushd and Latin translations, al-Farabi’s ideas eventually reached the universities of medieval Europe.
Uning keyingi mutafakkirlarga ta’siri chuqur bo‘lgan. Islom olamining ehtimol eng mashhur faylasufi Ibn Sino Arastuning “Metafizika”sini tushunmasdan qirq marta o‘qiganini, kitob bozorida tasodifan Forobiyning kichik kitobini sotib olguncha, u esa hamma narsani oydinlashtirganini yozib qoldirgan. Ibn Sino, Ibn Rushd va lotincha tarjimalar orqali Forobiyning g‘oyalari oxir-oqibat o‘rta asr Yevropasi universitetlariga yetib borgan.
Today, al-Farabi is claimed as a national figure by several countries. Kazakhstan’s leading university bears his name, and his image has appeared on banknotes. Yet perhaps the most fitting tribute is that his central question, how a society can be organised so that its members may live well, remains as urgent now as it was more than a thousand years ago.
Bugun Forobiyni bir necha mamlakat milliy shaxs sifatida e’tirof etadi. Qozog‘istonning yetakchi universiteti uning nomi bilan ataladi va uning tasviri banknotlarda paydo bo‘lgan. Biroq, ehtimol eng munosib ehtirom shundaki, uning asosiy savoli — jamiyat a’zolari yaxshi yashashi uchun uni qanday tashkil etish mumkin, degan savol ming yildan ko‘proq vaqt oldingidek bugun ham dolzarb bo‘lib qolmoqda.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the main purpose of the text?
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2 Why was al-Farabi called “the Second Teacher”?
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3 How did al-Farabi see the relationship between philosophy and religion?
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4 According to al-Farabi, what is the purpose of a state?
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5 What does the story about Ibn Sina show?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 The writer believes the legend about al-Farabi’s music was probably invented.
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2 Al-Farabi’s books were burned in Europe.
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3 Al-Farabi studied logic with Christian scholars in Baghdad.
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4 Al-Farabi’s idea about philosophy and religion was controversial.
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5 Al-Farabi built his own musical instruments.
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6 Al-Farabi died in Baghdad.
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7 Al-Farabi was known in Latin Europe as Alpharabius.
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8 Ibn Sina read the “Metaphysics” forty times.
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9 Historians agree completely about where al-Farabi was born.
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10 “The Virtuous City” draws on Plato’s “Republic”.
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11 In al-Farabi’s view, the ideal ruler needs only philosophical wisdom.
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12 Al-Farabi spoke seven languages.
So‘zni ma’nosi bilan juftlang
Chapdan so‘zni, o‘ngdan uning ma’nosini tanlang. Hammasi juftlansa, natija chiqadi.