All 12 Tenses

Oddiy qilib aytganda

“Ingliz tilida 12 ta zamon bor” degan gap ko‘pchilikni qo‘rqitadi. Lekin aslida bu 12 ta alohida narsa emas — ular faqat ikki savolning javobi:

1. Qachon? — hozir (Present), o‘tmish (Past) yoki kelajak (Future).
2. Ish qanday ko‘rinadi? — oddiy fakt (Simple), jarayon (Continuous), tugagan natija (Perfect) yoki davom etib kelgan jarayon (Perfect Continuous).

3 vaqt × 4 ko‘rinish = 12 zamon. Buni ko‘paytirish jadvali deb tasavvur qiling: hammasini alohida-alohida yodlash shart emas — tizimni tushunsangiz, istalgan zamonni o‘zingiz qura olasiz.

O‘zbek tilida ham zamonlar ko‘p: ishlayman, ishlayapman, ishladim, ishlagan edim, ishlayotgan edim, ishlayman, ishlayotgan bo‘laman... Lekin ular ingliz zamonlariga bir-biriga to‘g‘ri kelmaydi. Shuning uchun zamonni o‘zbekcha shaklga qarab emas, ma’noga qarab tanlash kerak.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. 12 zamon tizimi: 3 vaqt va 4 ko‘rinish.
2. Har bir ko‘rinishning ma’nosi.
3. Bir gap — 12 xil ma’no.
4. Zamonni qadamma-qadam qurish.
5. Yordamchi fe’l — zamonning kaliti.
6. Qaysi zamonlar ko‘p ishlatiladi va eng ko‘p xatolar.

Uch vaqt

Vaqtni birinchi yordamchi fe’l ko‘rsatadi:

• Present: am / is / are, have / has, do / does;
• Past: was / were, had, did;
• Future: will.

To‘rt ko‘rinish

Ko‘rinish (aspect) — ishga qanday qaraymiz: tugagan fakt sifatidami, jarayon sifatidami yoki natija sifatidami.

Simple — oddiy fakt

Ish butunligicha, nuqta sifatida ko‘riladi. Odat, fakt, tugagan voqea.

• I work in a bank.Bankda ishlayman. (fakt, doimiy)
• I worked there for five years.U yerda besh yil ishladim. (tugagan)
• I will work tomorrow.Ertaga ishlayman. (kelajakdagi fakt)

Continuous — jarayon

Ish davom etayotgan jarayon sifatida, uning o‘rtasida turibmiz.

• I am working now.Hozir ishlayapman.
• I was working at 5.Soat 5 da ishlayotgan edim.
• I will be working at 5 tomorrow.Ertaga soat 5 da ishlayotgan bo‘laman.

Perfect — natija

Ish biror paytgacha tugagan, uning natijasi muhim. Har doim ikki vaqtni bog‘laydi.

• I have worked here since 2020.2020-yildan beri shu yerda ishlayman. (hozirgacha)
• I had worked there before I moved.Ko‘chishimdan oldin u yerda ishlagan edim. (o‘tmishdagi nuqtagacha)
• I will have worked here for ten years by 2030.2030-yilga kelib bu yerda o‘n yil ishlagan bo‘laman. (kelajakdagi nuqtagacha)

Perfect Continuous — davom etib kelgan jarayon

Ish biror paytgacha davom etib kelgan, davomiylik muhim.

• I have been working for three hours.Uch soatdan beri ishlayapman.
• I had been working for hours when he called.U qo‘ng‘iroq qilganda soatlab ishlayotgan edim.
• I will have been working for ten hours by 6.Soat 6 ga borib o‘n soat ishlagan bo‘laman.

Bir gap, 12 xil ma’no

read (o‘qimoq) fe’li bilan barcha 12 zamonni ko‘ring:

• I read every day.Har kuni o‘qiyman. (Present Simple)
• I am reading now.Hozir o‘qiyapman. (Present Continuous)
• I have read this book.Bu kitobni o‘qiganman. (Present Perfect)
• I have been reading for an hour.Bir soatdan beri o‘qiyapman. (Present Perfect Continuous)
• I read it yesterday.Kecha o‘qidim. (Past Simple)
• I was reading at 5.Soat 5 da o‘qiyotgan edim. (Past Continuous)
• I had read it before the film.Filmdan oldin o‘qib bo‘lgan edim. (Past Perfect)
• I had been reading for an hour when he came.U kelganda bir soatdan beri o‘qiyotgan edim. (Past Perfect Continuous)
• I will read it tomorrow.Ertaga o‘qiyman. (Future Simple)
• I will be reading at 5.Soat 5 da o‘qiyotgan bo‘laman. (Future Continuous)
• I will have read it by Monday.Dushanbagacha o‘qib bo‘laman. (Future Perfect)
• I will have been reading for an hour by 5.Soat 5 ga borib bir soat o‘qigan bo‘laman. (Future Perfect Continuous)

Bosqichma-bosqich

Har qanday zamonni uch qadamda quring:

1. Asos zamoni: hozirgi, o‘tgan yoki kelasi (am / was / will be yoki have / had / will have).
2. Continuous bo‘lsa: be + -ing qo‘shing.
3. Perfect bo‘lsa: have + 3-shakl qo‘shing.

Misol: “Ertaga soat 10 ga kelib men hisobotni tugatgan bo‘laman.”

1. Vaqt: kelajak → will.
2. Ko‘rinish: biror paytgacha tugagan (natija) → Perfect → have + V3.
3. Birlashtirish: will + have + finished.

Misol: “U kelganida biz ikki soatdan beri kutayotgan edik.”

1. Vaqt: o‘tmish → had.
2. Ko‘rinish: biror paytgacha davom etib kelgan jarayon → Perfect Continuous → had been + -ing.

Misol: “Hozir u telefonda gaplashyapti.”

1. Vaqt: hozir → is.
2. Ko‘rinish: jarayon → Continuous → be + -ing.

Yordamchi fe’l — zamonning kaliti

Zamonning hammasini birinchi yordamchi fe’l ko‘rsatadi. Inkor va savol ham shu so‘z atrofida quriladi: inkorda undan keyin not, savolda u egadan oldinga chiqadi.

• She has been working. → She hasn’t been working. → Has she been working?Yordamchi fe’l harakatlanadi
• They were eating. → They weren’t eating. → Were they eating?Zamon yordamchida
• You will have finished. → You won’t have finished. → Will you have finished?Birinchi yordamchi — will

Present Simple va Past Simple — yagona zamonlar, ularda bo‘lishli gapda yordamchi ko‘rinmaydi. Shuning uchun inkor va savolda do / does / did “paydo bo‘ladi”.

Zamonlarni juftlab solishtirish

Eng ko‘p chalkashtiriladigan juftliklar:

Holat fe’llari

know, like, want, believe, understand, own, belong kabi holat fe’llari Continuous va Perfect Continuous shakllarida ishlatilmaydi. Ularda faqat Simple va Perfect shakllari.

• I know him.Uni taniyman. (am knowing emas)
• I’ve known him for years.Uni yillardan beri taniyman. (have been knowing emas)
• She wanted to leave.U ketmoqchi edi. (was wanting emas)

Eng keng tarqalganlari

Hamma zamonlar bir xil darajada ishlatilmaydi. Avval eng keraklilarini mustahkamlang.

Kundalik nutqning 80% ga yaqini birinchi ikki guruhdagi zamonlar bilan aytiladi. Avval ularni mustahkamlang, keyin qolganlari o‘zi oson bo‘ladi.

O‘zbek tilidan farqi

Ba’zi o‘zbekcha shakllar bir nechta ingliz zamoniga to‘g‘ri keladi — va aksincha.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: zamonni tanlashda ikki savol bering: qachon? (hozir, o‘tmish, kelajak) va qanday? (fakt, jarayon, natija yoki davomiylik).

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Hayot hikoyasi — barcha zamonlar bilan

My name is Rustam. I live in Tashkent and I work as an engineer. Right now I’m working on a new bridge project. I have lived here since 2015 and I’ve been working for the same company for eight years. Before I moved here, I had lived in Samarkand. When I was studying at university, I met my wife. Next year we are going to buy a house. By 2030 I will have worked here for fifteen years. This time next year I will be travelling around Europe with my family!

Matndagi har bir zamonni toping va nima uchun aynan shu zamon tanlanganini o‘ylab ko‘ring.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Look! It ___ (snow). → is snowing
2. I ___ (live) here for ten years. → have lived / have been living
3. When I got home, everyone ___ (go) to bed. → had gone
4. This time tomorrow I ___ (fly) to London. → will be flying
5. By the end of the year she ___ (finish) her studies. → will have finished
6. Men har kuni soat yettida turaman. → I get up at seven every day.
7. U qo‘ng‘iroq qilganda men dush qabul qilayotgan edim. → I was having a shower when he called.
8. Xatoni toping: I know her since childhood. → I have known her since childhood.

Qisqa xulosa

• 3 vaqt × 4 ko‘rinish = 12 zamon.
• Simple — fakt, Continuous — jarayon (be + -ing), Perfect — natija (have + V3), Perfect Continuous — davomiylik (have been + -ing).
• Zamonni birinchi yordamchi fe’l ko‘rsatadi.
• Inkor va savol yordamchi atrofida quriladi.
• Holat fe’llari (know, want, like) — Continuous’da yo‘q.
• Avval Present / Past Simple, Present Continuous, will, Present Perfect ni mustahkamlang.
• Zamonni o‘zbekcha shaklga emas, ma’noga qarab tanlang.