The End of Cash?
Naqd pulning oxirimi?
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Naqd pulsiz jamiyatning afzalliklari, xavflari va kimlar orqada qolishi mumkinligi.
Kalit so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlar matnda uchraydi va matnda ajratib ko‘rsatiladi. Bosing — talaffuzini eshitasiz.
⏱ O‘qish boshlanganda vaqt o‘lchanadi — oxirida tezligingizni ko‘rasiz.
👆 Istalgan so‘zni bosing — tarjimasi yoki lug‘atga havola chiqadi.
Only a decade ago, most people in Uzbekistan carried thick bundles of banknotes to pay for almost everything. Today, a growing number pay for their shopping, taxis and even market fruit by scanning a code with their phone. The same change is happening across the world. In Sweden, fewer than one in ten payments in shops are now made in cash, and some banks no longer handle notes and coins at all. Many experts predict that within a generation, physical money could become a curiosity, like the cheque or the fax machine.
Bundan o‘n yil oldin O‘zbekistondagi ko‘pchilik odamlar deyarli hamma narsa uchun to‘lash maqsadida qalin pul dastalarini olib yurishardi. Bugun tobora ko‘proq odamlar xaridlari, taksi va hatto bozordagi meva uchun telefonlari bilan kodni skanerlab to‘lashmoqda. Xuddi shunday o‘zgarish butun dunyoda sodir bo‘lmoqda. Shvetsiyada endi do‘konlardagi har o‘nta to‘lovdan biridan kamrog‘i naqd pul bilan amalga oshiriladi va ba’zi banklar umuman banknot va tangalar bilan ishlamaydi. Ko‘plab mutaxassislar bir avlod ichida jismoniy pul chek yoki faks apparati kabi kamyob narsaga aylanishi mumkinligini bashorat qilishmoqda.
The advantages of digital payments are obvious. They are fast and convenient: there is no need to search for change or visit a cash machine. They are also safer in some ways, since a stolen phone or card can be blocked immediately, while stolen cash is usually gone forever. For businesses, digital payments reduce the time and cost of counting, storing and transporting money, and they make it harder for staff to steal from the till.
Raqamli to‘lovlarning afzalliklari aniq. Ular tez va qulay: qaytim qidirish yoki bankomatga borishning hojati yo‘q. Ular qaysidir ma’noda xavfsizroq ham, chunki o‘g‘irlangan telefon yoki kartani darhol bloklash mumkin, o‘g‘irlangan naqd pul esa odatda butunlay yo‘qoladi. Korxonalar uchun raqamli to‘lovlar pulni sanash, saqlash va tashish vaqti va xarajatlarini kamaytiradi hamda xodimlarning kassadan o‘g‘irlashini qiyinlashtiradi.
Governments also have reasons to welcome the change. Cash is the preferred method of payment for many criminals, because it leaves no record. It also allows businesses to hide their income in order to avoid paying tax. When most payments are digital, tax collection becomes easier and certain types of crime become more difficult. Some economists estimate that reducing the use of cash could increase government tax revenues significantly in countries with large informal economies.
Hukumatlarning ham bu o‘zgarishni olqishlash uchun sabablari bor. Naqd pul ko‘plab jinoyatchilar uchun afzal ko‘rilgan to‘lov usuli, chunki u hech qanday iz qoldirmaydi. U korxonalarga soliq to‘lamaslik uchun daromadlarini yashirishga ham imkon beradi. To‘lovlarning aksariyati raqamli bo‘lganda, soliq yig‘ish osonlashadi va jinoyatning ayrim turlari qiyinlashadi. Ba’zi iqtisodchilarning hisob-kitobiga ko‘ra, naqd puldan foydalanishni kamaytirish katta norasmiy iqtisodiyotga ega mamlakatlarda davlat soliq tushumlarini sezilarli darajada oshirishi mumkin.
However, a society without cash also has serious risks. The first is exclusion. Not everyone has a bank account, a smartphone or the skills to use digital services. Older people, those living in remote villages with poor internet connections, people with certain disabilities and the very poor are often the most dependent on cash. In Sweden, the rapid move away from cash led to protests from pensioners’ organisations, and the government eventually passed a law requiring banks to continue providing cash services.
Biroq naqd pulsiz jamiyatning jiddiy xavflari ham bor. Birinchisi — chetda qolish. Hammaning ham bank hisobi, smartfoni yoki raqamli xizmatlardan foydalanish ko‘nikmasi yo‘q. Keksalar, interneti yomon bo‘lgan chekka qishloqlarda yashovchilar, ma’lum nogironligi bor odamlar va juda kambag‘allar ko‘pincha naqd pulga eng ko‘p tayanadi. Shvetsiyada naqd puldan tez voz kechish nafaqaxo‘rlar tashkilotlarining noroziligiga olib keldi va hukumat oxir-oqibat banklarni naqd pul xizmatlarini ko‘rsatishda davom etishga majburlovchi qonun qabul qildi.
The second risk is technical. Digital payment systems depend on electricity, internet connections and computer networks, all of which can fail. A power cut, a cyber attack or even a software error can leave millions of people suddenly unable to buy food or medicine. Cash, by contrast, works in any situation. For this reason, some governments now advise citizens to keep a small amount of cash at home for emergencies.
Ikkinchi xavf — texnik. Raqamli to‘lov tizimlari elektr energiyasi, internet aloqasi va kompyuter tarmoqlariga bog‘liq va ularning hammasi ishdan chiqishi mumkin. Elektr uzilishi, kiberhujum yoki hatto dasturiy xato millionlab odamlarni to‘satdan oziq-ovqat yoki dori sotib ololmaydigan holatda qoldirishi mumkin. Naqd pul esa, aksincha, har qanday vaziyatda ishlaydi. Shu sababli ba’zi hukumatlar endi fuqarolarga favqulodda holatlar uchun uyda ozgina naqd pul saqlashni maslahat berishmoqda.
The third concern is privacy. Every digital payment creates a record of what you bought, where and when. This information can be extremely valuable to companies that want to target advertising, and it could potentially be used by governments to monitor citizens. With cash, you can buy something without anyone knowing. Some people argue that this freedom is worth protecting, even if it is occasionally misused.
Uchinchi xavotir — maxfiylik. Har bir raqamli to‘lov nima, qayerda va qachon sotib olganingiz haqida qayd yaratadi. Bu ma’lumot reklamani maqsadli yo‘naltirmoqchi bo‘lgan kompaniyalar uchun nihoyatda qimmatli bo‘lishi va hukumatlar tomonidan fuqarolarni kuzatish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. Naqd pul bilan biror narsani hech kim bilmasdan sotib olishingiz mumkin. Ba’zilarning fikricha, bu erkinlik vaqti-vaqti bilan suiiste’mol qilinsa ham, himoya qilishga arziydi.
It seems unlikely that cash will disappear completely in the near future, but its role will almost certainly continue to shrink. The challenge for societies is to enjoy the benefits of digital payments without leaving vulnerable people behind or giving up too much privacy in the process.
Yaqin kelajakda naqd pul butunlay yo‘qolib ketishi dargumon, lekin uning roli deyarli aniq qisqarishda davom etadi. Jamiyatlar oldidagi vazifa — bu jarayonda himoyasiz odamlarni ortda qoldirmasdan yoki maxfiylikdan haddan tashqari voz kechmasdan raqamli to‘lovlarning afzalliklaridan bahramand bo‘lishdir.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the main idea of the article?
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2 Why can digital payments be safer than cash?
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3 Why do governments like digital payments?
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4 What happened in Sweden after protests?
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5 Why do some governments advise keeping cash at home?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 Cheques are still popular in Uzbekistan.
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2 In Sweden, fewer than ten percent of shop payments are in cash.
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3 Digital payments make it harder for staff to steal.
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4 Digital payments create records that companies can use for advertising.
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5 All banks in Sweden still handle notes and coins.
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6 Cash leaves no record.
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7 Uzbekistan plans to stop printing banknotes.
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8 Cyber attacks on payment systems happen every week.
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9 The writer thinks cash will disappear completely in the next few years.
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10 Older people are usually the least dependent on cash.
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11 Some people think the freedom of cash is worth protecting.
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