Letting Nature Take Over
Tabiatga yo‘l berish
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
“Rewilding” — tabiatni o‘z holiga qaytarish yondashuvi: muvaffaqiyatlar va ziddiyatlar.
Kalit so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlar matnda uchraydi va matnda ajratib ko‘rsatiladi. Bosing — talaffuzini eshitasiz.
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Conventional conservation has often focused on preserving particular species or landscapes in a fixed state, sometimes through intensive management. Rewilding proposes a different philosophy: restore natural processes and then, as far as possible, step back and let ecosystems organise themselves.
An’anaviy tabiatni muhofaza qilish ko‘pincha muayyan turlar yoki landshaftlarni qat’iy holatda, ba’zan intensiv boshqaruv orqali saqlashga e’tibor qaratgan. “Rewilding” boshqa falsafani taklif qiladi: tabiiy jarayonlarni tiklash va keyin imkon qadar chetga chiqib, ekotizimlarga o‘zini o‘zi tartibga solishga imkon berish.
Central to many projects is the reintroduction of keystone species, animals whose influence on their environment is disproportionate to their numbers. The return of wolves to Yellowstone National Park in 1995 is the best-known example. By altering the behaviour of elk, which began avoiding exposed river valleys, wolves are credited with allowing vegetation to recover, which in turn stabilised riverbanks and benefited birds and beavers.
Ko‘plab loyihalarning markazida asosiy turlarni — atrof-muhitga ta’siri sonidan nomutanosib darajada katta bo‘lgan hayvonlarni qayta joylashtirish turadi. 1995-yilda bo‘rilarning Yelloustoun milliy bog‘iga qaytarilishi eng mashhur misol. Ochiq daryo vodiylaridan qocha boshlagan bug‘ularning xulq-atvorini o‘zgartirib, bo‘rilar o‘simliklarning tiklanishiga imkon bergani bilan e’tirof etiladi, bu esa o‘z navbatida daryo qirg‘oqlarini mustahkamlab, qushlar va qunduzlarga foyda keltirdi.
Some ecologists caution that this narrative has been simplified; other factors, including drought and human hunting, also influenced elk numbers. Rewilding also generates conflict. Farmers may lose livestock to reintroduced predators, and in densely populated regions there is limited space for large animals to roam. Critics further argue that the concept is sometimes vague, used to describe everything from ambitious landscape restoration to simply leaving a lawn unmown.
Ba’zi ekologlar bu hikoya soddalashtirilganidan ogohlantiradi; bug‘ular soniga qurg‘oqchilik va inson ovi kabi boshqa omillar ham ta’sir qilgan. “Rewilding” ziddiyatlar ham keltirib chiqaradi. Fermerlar qayta joylashtirilgan yirtqichlar tufayli chorvasidan ayrilishi mumkin, aholi zich joylashgan hududlarda esa yirik hayvonlarning erkin yurishi uchun joy cheklangan. Tanqidchilar, shuningdek, bu tushuncha ba’zan noaniq bo‘lib, keng ko‘lamli landshaftni tiklashdan tortib maysazorni shunchaki o‘rmasdan qoldirishgacha bo‘lgan hamma narsani tasvirlash uchun ishlatilishini ta’kidlaydi.
Nevertheless, rewilding has gained momentum because it addresses two crises at once. Restored forests, wetlands and grasslands store carbon while providing habitat for declining wildlife. Its success, however, depends less on ecology than on people: projects that involve local communities in planning and share the economic benefits, for example through eco-tourism, tend to prove far more durable than those imposed from outside.
Shunga qaramay, “rewilding” bir vaqtning o‘zida ikkita inqirozni hal qilgani uchun jadal rivojlanmoqda. Tiklangan o‘rmonlar, botqoqliklar va o‘tloqlar karbonni saqlab, kamayib borayotgan yovvoyi tabiat uchun yashash muhitini ta’minlaydi. Biroq uning muvaffaqiyati ekologiyadan ko‘ra ko‘proq odamlarga bog‘liq: mahalliy jamoalarni rejalashtirishga jalb qiladigan va iqtisodiy foydani, masalan, eko-turizm orqali baham ko‘radigan loyihalar tashqaridan majburlanganlariga qaraganda ancha barqarorroq bo‘lib chiqadi.
Europe offers a striking example of rewilding happening largely by accident. As rural populations have declined and farmland has been abandoned, forests have expanded, and species such as wolves, lynx and brown bears have returned to regions where they had been absent for centuries. Wolves now live in every country of mainland Europe, a remarkable recovery that few would have predicted fifty years ago.
Yevropa asosan tasodifan sodir bo‘layotgan rewilding‘ning yorqin misolini taqdim etadi. Qishloq aholisi kamayib, qishloq xo‘jaligi yerlari tashlab ketilgach, o‘rmonlar kengaydi, bo‘rilar, silovsinlar va qo‘ng‘ir ayiqlar kabi turlar asrlar davomida yo‘q bo‘lgan hududlarga qaytdi. Bo‘rilar endi materik Yevropaning har bir mamlakatida yashaydi — bu ellik yil oldin kam odam bashorat qilgan ajoyib tiklanish.
Smaller-scale efforts can also be meaningful. Allowing road verges and corners of urban parks to grow wild, rather than mowing them regularly, can provide valuable habitat for pollinating insects. Several cities have adopted such policies, which have the added advantage of reducing maintenance costs.
Kichikroq miqyosdagi harakatlar ham ahamiyatli bo‘lishi mumkin. Yo‘l chetlari va shahar bog‘lari burchaklarini muntazam o‘rib turish o‘rniga tabiiy o‘sishiga yo‘l qo‘yish changlatuvchi hasharotlar uchun qimmatli yashash muhitini ta’minlashi mumkin. Bir qancha shaharlar bunday siyosatni qabul qilgan, uning qo‘shimcha afzalligi — parvarish xarajatlarini kamaytirish.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the article mainly about?
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2 How did wolves reportedly help Yellowstone’s vegetation recover?
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3 Why do some ecologists say the Yellowstone story has been simplified?
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4 According to the article, what determines the success of rewilding projects most?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 Wolves now live in every country of mainland Europe.
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2 Rewilding can help both climate and wildlife.
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3 Brown bears have returned to the United Kingdom.
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4 Wolves have been reintroduced in Central Asia.
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5 Europe’s rewilding was entirely planned by governments.
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6 Rewilding requires intensive, permanent management.
So‘zni ma’nosi bilan juftlang
Chapdan so‘zni, o‘ngdan uning ma’nosini tanlang. Hammasi juftlansa, natija chiqadi.