Does Money Buy Happiness?
Pul baxt keltiradimi?
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Daromad va baxt o‘rtasidagi bog‘liqlik haqidagi tadqiqotlar va bahslar.
Kalit so‘zlar
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The question of whether money buys happiness is as old as money itself, but in recent decades economists have attempted to answer it empirically. In 1974, Richard Easterlin observed that although average incomes in the United States had risen substantially since the Second World War, reported happiness had barely changed, a finding that became known as the Easterlin paradox.
Pul baxt keltiradimi degan savol pulning o‘zi kabi qadimiy, lekin so‘nggi o‘n yilliklarda iqtisodchilar unga empirik javob berishga urinishgan. 1974-yilda Richard Isterlin AQShda Ikkinchi jahon urushidan beri o‘rtacha daromadlar sezilarli o‘sgan bo‘lsa-da, qayd etilgan baxt deyarli o‘zgarmaganini kuzatgan — bu natija Isterlin paradoksi nomi bilan tanilgan.
One explanation is that people judge their well-being relative to others. If everyone’s income rises, nobody feels better off. Another is adaptation: a pay rise brings a temporary boost, but expectations soon adjust, and satisfaction returns to its previous level, a process sometimes described as the “hedonic treadmill”.
Bir izoh shuki, odamlar o‘z farovonligini boshqalarga nisbatan baholaydi. Agar hammaning daromadi oshsa, hech kim o‘zini yaxshiroq his qilmaydi. Boshqasi — moslashuv: maoshning oshishi vaqtinchalik ko‘tarilish beradi, lekin kutishlar tez moslashadi va mamnuniyat avvalgi darajasiga qaytadi, bu jarayon ba’zan “gedonik yugurish yo‘lakchasi” deb ta’riflanadi.
Yet the picture is contested. A widely cited 2010 study suggested that emotional well-being rose with income only up to about 75,000 dollars a year, after which it levelled off. More recent research using larger datasets found that, for most people, happiness continues to rise with income, though each additional dollar matters less. What is undisputed is that money matters enormously at low incomes, where it determines access to food, healthcare and security.
Biroq manzara bahsli. Keng iqtibos keltirilgan 2010-yilgi tadqiqot hissiy farovonlik yiliga taxminan 75 000 dollargacha daromad bilan birga oshib, keyin bir tekis qolishini taxmin qilgan. Kattaroq ma’lumotlar to‘plamidan foydalangan yaqindagi tadqiqotlar ko‘pchilik odamlar uchun baxt daromad bilan oshishda davom etishini, garchi har bir qo‘shimcha dollar kamroq ahamiyatga ega bo‘lsa ham, aniqladi. Shubhasiz narsa shuki, kam daromadda pul juda katta ahamiyatga ega, chunki u oziq-ovqat, sog‘liqni saqlash va xavfsizlikka kirishni belgilaydi.
Perhaps the more useful question is not how much money people have but how they spend it. Studies consistently find that spending on experiences rather than possessions, on other people rather than oneself, and on buying time, for example by paying to avoid disliked chores, yields greater satisfaction. Money, it seems, can buy happiness, but only if we are wise about what we buy.
Ehtimol, foydaliroq savol odamlarda qancha pul borligi emas, balki uni qanday sarflashidir. Tadqiqotlar doimiy ravishda buyumlarga emas, taassurotlarga, o‘zigagina emas, boshqalarga sarflash hamda vaqt sotib olishga — masalan, yoqtirmagan uy yumushlaridan qutulish uchun pul to‘lashga sarflash ko‘proq mamnuniyat keltirishini ko‘rsatadi. Aftidan, pul baxt sotib olishi mumkin, lekin faqat nima sotib olishimizda oqil bo‘lsak.
International comparisons add another layer. In global surveys, citizens of wealthy countries generally report higher life satisfaction than those of poor countries, yet the rankings are not explained by income alone. Nordic countries consistently top the tables, and researchers attribute this partly to high levels of social trust, low corruption and generous public services, factors that money can support but cannot simply purchase.
Xalqaro taqqoslashlar yana bir qatlam qo‘shadi. Global so‘rovlarda boy mamlakatlar fuqarolari odatda kambag‘al mamlakatlarnikiga qaraganda hayotdan yuqoriroq mamnuniyatni qayd etadi, biroq reytinglar faqat daromad bilan izohlanmaydi. Shimoliy Yevropa mamlakatlari doimiy ravishda jadvallar tepasida bo‘ladi va tadqiqotchilar buni qisman yuqori ijtimoiy ishonch, past korrupsiya va saxiy davlat xizmatlari bilan izohlaydi — bular pul qo‘llab-quvvatlay oladigan, lekin shunchaki sotib ololmaydigan omillardir.
There is also evidence that the relationship runs in both directions. Longitudinal studies suggest that people who are happier earlier in life go on to earn more, perhaps because positive emotions foster persistence, creativity and better relationships with colleagues. Money may contribute to happiness, but happiness may also contribute to money.
Bu bog‘liqlik ikki tomonlama ekani haqida ham dalillar bor. Uzoq muddatli tadqiqotlar hayotining boshida baxtliroq bo‘lgan odamlar keyinchalik ko‘proq daromad topishini ko‘rsatadi, ehtimol ijobiy hissiyotlar qat’iyat, ijodkorlik va hamkasblar bilan yaxshiroq munosabatlarni rivojlantirgani uchun. Pul baxtga hissa qo‘shishi mumkin, lekin baxt ham pulga hissa qo‘shishi mumkin.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the writer’s overall conclusion?
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2 What is the Easterlin paradox?
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3 What does the “hedonic treadmill” describe?
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4 According to studies, which kind of spending brings more satisfaction?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 People in Nordic countries work fewer hours.
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2 Money matters greatly for people on low incomes.
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3 Easterlin later changed his mind about the paradox.
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4 All recent research confirms that happiness stops rising at $75,000.
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5 Global happiness rankings are explained entirely by income.
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6 Nordic countries usually rank highest in life satisfaction.
So‘zni ma’nosi bilan juftlang
Chapdan so‘zni, o‘ngdan uning ma’nosini tanlang. Hammasi juftlansa, natija chiqadi.