The Power of Belief: The Placebo Effect
Ishonch kuchi: platsebo effekti
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Dori ta’sirisiz “soxta” davolash qanday qilib odamlarni yaxshilashi mumkin.
Kalit so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlar matnda uchraydi va matnda ajratib ko‘rsatiladi. Bosing — talaffuzini eshitasiz.
⏱ O‘qish boshlanganda vaqt o‘lchanadi — oxirida tezligingizni ko‘rasiz.
👆 Istalgan so‘zni bosing — tarjimasi yoki lug‘atga havola chiqadi.
In medical trials, some patients are given a real drug while others receive a placebo: a pill that looks identical but contains nothing more than sugar. Remarkably, a significant number of patients taking the placebo report that their symptoms improve.
Tibbiy sinovlarda ba’zi bemorlarga haqiqiy dori berilsa, boshqalarga platsebo — bir xil ko‘rinishdagi, lekin shakardan boshqa hech narsa bo‘lmagan tabletka beriladi. Ajablanarlisi, platsebo qabul qilgan bemorlarning sezilarli qismi alomatlari yaxshilanganini aytadi.
This is not simply imagination. Brain scans show that when people expect pain relief, their brains release natural painkillers called endorphins. The effect is strongest for conditions that are influenced by the mind, such as pain, anxiety and nausea, but it cannot shrink a tumour or cure an infection.
Bu shunchaki xayol emas. Miya tasvirlari odamlar og‘riq qoldirilishini kutganda, ularning miyasi endorfin deb ataluvchi tabiiy og‘riq qoldiruvchilarni ajratishini ko‘rsatadi. Ta’sir og‘riq, xavotir va ko‘ngil aynishi kabi ongga bog‘liq holatlarda eng kuchli bo‘ladi, lekin u o‘smani kichraytira yoki infeksiyani davolay olmaydi.
Details matter surprisingly much. Expensive-looking pills tend to work better than cheap ones, two pills work better than one, and injections work better than pills. Even the way a doctor speaks, with warmth and confidence, can increase the effect.
Tafsilotlar kutilganidan ham ko‘proq ahamiyatga ega. Qimmat ko‘rinishdagi tabletkalar arzonlariga qaraganda yaxshiroq ta’sir qiladi, ikkita tabletka bittadan yaxshiroq, ukol esa tabletkadan yaxshiroq. Hatto shifokorning iliq va ishonchli gapirishi ham ta’sirni kuchaytirishi mumkin.
Most surprising of all, some studies have found that placebos can help even when patients know they are taking one. Researchers believe that the ritual of treatment itself, being cared for and taking action, may trigger the body’s own healing processes.
Eng hayratlanarlisi, ba’zi tadqiqotlar bemorlar platsebo ichayotganini bilsalar ham u yordam berishi mumkinligini aniqlagan. Tadqiqotchilar davolanish marosimining o‘zi — g‘amxo‘rlik ko‘rish va harakat qilish — tananing o‘z shifo jarayonlarini ishga tushirishi mumkin deb hisoblaydi.
There is also a dark twin of the placebo effect, known as the nocebo effect. When patients are told that a medicine may cause side effects such as headaches or tiredness, a significant number report experiencing them, even if they have actually been given a sugar pill. Expectations, it seems, can harm as well as heal.
Platsebo effektining qorong‘i egizagi — nosebo effekti ham bor. Bemorlarga dori bosh og‘rig‘i yoki charchoq kabi nojo‘ya ta’sirlarga sabab bo‘lishi mumkinligi aytilganda, ularning sezilarli qismi, hatto aslida shakar tabletka berilgan bo‘lsa ham, bularni boshdan kechirganini aytadi. Aftidan, kutishlar davolashi ham, zarar yetkazishi ham mumkin.
This creates a real dilemma for doctors. They have a duty to inform patients honestly about possible side effects, yet the way this information is delivered can influence how patients feel. Some researchers suggest focusing on positive framing, for example saying that “most people have no problems with this drug” rather than listing every possible reaction.
Bu shifokorlar uchun haqiqiy dilemma tug‘diradi. Ular bemorlarni mumkin bo‘lgan nojo‘ya ta’sirlar haqida halol xabardor qilishga majbur, lekin bu ma’lumot qanday yetkazilishi bemorlarning o‘zini qanday his qilishiga ta’sir qilishi mumkin. Ba’zi tadqiqotchilar ijobiy ifodaga e’tibor qaratishni taklif qiladi, masalan, har bir mumkin bo‘lgan reaksiyani sanab o‘tish o‘rniga “ko‘pchilikda bu dori bilan muammo bo‘lmaydi” deyish.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the main idea of the article?
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2 What do brain scans show about the placebo effect?
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3 Which of these can a placebo NOT do, according to the text?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 Placebos are used in most hospitals today.
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2 The nocebo effect can make people feel side effects from a sugar pill.
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3 Doctors are allowed to hide side effects from patients.
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4 The nocebo effect is stronger in older patients.
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5 Injections tend to have a stronger placebo effect than pills.
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6 Placebos only work if patients don’t know they are taking one.
So‘zni ma’nosi bilan juftlang
Chapdan so‘zni, o‘ngdan uning ma’nosini tanlang. Hammasi juftlansa, natija chiqadi.
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