Do We Have Free Will?
Bizda iroda erkinligi bormi?
- L Lecturer
Tinglashdan oldin: kalit so‘zlar
Har bir so‘zni bosing, eshiting va ovoz chiqarib takrorlang. Bu so‘zlar audioda uchraydi.
💡 Kontekst haqida o‘ylang: Ma’ruza: nevrologiya tajribalari va iroda erkinligi haqidagi falsafiy munozara.
Tayyor bo‘lsangiz, tugmani bosing
Matnga qaramasdan to‘liq tinglang. Kim gapiryapti, qayerda va nima haqida? Har bir so‘zni emas, umumiy ma’noni tushunishga harakat qiling. Kerak bo‘lsa, ikki marta tinglang.
Tushundingizmi?
Javobni tanlang. Ishonchingiz komil bo‘lmasa, pastdagi pleyer orqali qayta tinglang.
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1 What did Libet’s experiment find?
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2 How does later research reinterpret the early signal?
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3 What do many philosophers now argue?
Matn bilan tinglash
Istalgan gapni bosing — o‘sha joydan ijro etiladi. So‘zlar eshitilgan sari yonib boradi.
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In the nineteen eighties, Benjamin Libet asked volunteers to flex their wrist whenever they chose, while noting the moment they felt the urge to move.
1980-yillarda Benjamin Libet ko‘ngillilardan xohlagan paytda bilaklarini bukishni va harakat qilish istagini his qilgan lahzani belgilashni so‘radi.
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Brain activity preparing the movement began roughly a third of a second before people reported deciding.
Harakatni tayyorlovchi miya faolligi odamlar qaror qilganini aytishidan taxminan soniyaning uchdan biri oldin boshlangan.
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Some concluded that our sense of conscious choice is an illusion, a story the brain tells after the fact.
Ba’zilar ongli tanlov tuyg‘umiz illyuziya, miyaning voqeadan keyin aytadigan hikoyasi, degan xulosaga kelishdi.
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But the interpretation is hotly contested. Later research suggests that early signal may reflect random background fluctuations rather than a hidden decision.
Lekin bu talqin qizg‘in bahsli. Keyingi tadqiqotlar o‘sha erta signal yashirin qaror emas, tasodifiy fon tebranishlarini aks ettirishi mumkinligini ko‘rsatadi.
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Moreover, flexing a wrist at a random moment is hardly representative of meaningful choices, like accepting a job or forgiving a friend.
Bundan tashqari, tasodifiy paytda bilakni bukish ish taklifini qabul qilish yoki do‘stni kechirish kabi mazmunli tanlovlarni aks ettirmaydi.
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Many philosophers now argue that free will doesn’t require escaping causation, only that our actions flow from our own reasons and values.
Ko‘plab faylasuflar endi iroda erkinligi sabab-oqibatdan qochishni talab qilmaydi, faqat harakatlarimiz o‘z sabablarimiz va qadriyatlarimizdan kelib chiqishi kerak, deb ta’kidlaydi.
Diktant
Gapni tinglang va eshitganingizni aynan yozing. Katta-kichik harf va tinish belgilari hisobga olinmaydi. Raqamlarni so‘z bilan yozing.
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