Ada Lovelace: The First Programmer
Ada Lavleys: birinchi dasturchi
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
XIX asrda yashab, kompyuterlarning kelajagini oldindan ko‘ra olgan matematik ayol haqida.
Kalit so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlar matnda uchraydi va matnda ajratib ko‘rsatiladi. Bosing — talaffuzini eshitasiz.
⏱ O‘qish boshlanganda vaqt o‘lchanadi — oxirida tezligingizni ko‘rasiz.
👆 Istalgan so‘zni bosing — tarjimasi yoki lug‘atga havola chiqadi.
More than a century before the first electronic computers were built, a young Englishwoman wrote what many people regard as the first computer program. Her name was Ada Lovelace, and her vision of what machines might one day achieve was so far ahead of her time that it was largely ignored for over a hundred years.
Birinchi elektron kompyuterlar qurilishidan bir asrdan ko‘proq vaqt oldin, yosh ingliz ayoli ko‘pchilik birinchi kompyuter dasturi deb hisoblaydigan narsani yozgan. Uning ismi Ada Lavleys edi va mashinalar bir kun kelib nimaga erisha olishi haqidagi uning tasavvuri o‘z davridan shunchalik oldinda ediki, yuz yildan ortiq vaqt davomida deyarli e’tiborsiz qolgan.
Ada was born in London in 1815, the only legitimate child of the famous poet Lord Byron. Her parents separated when she was just a few weeks old, and she never knew her father, who left England soon afterwards and died when she was eight. Her mother, Annabella, was determined that Ada should not inherit what she saw as Byron’s dangerous, emotional temperament. She therefore insisted that her daughter receive a rigorous education in mathematics and science, which was highly unusual for a girl at that time.
Ada 1815-yilda Londonda mashhur shoir Lord Bayronning yagona qonuniy farzandi bo‘lib tug‘ilgan. U atigi bir necha haftalik bo‘lganida ota-onasi ajralishgan va u otasini hech qachon tanimagan; otasi tez orada Angliyani tark etib, Ada sakkiz yoshligida vafot etgan. Onasi Annabella Ada Bayronning xavfli, hissiyotli deb hisoblagan mijozini meros qilib olmasligi kerak, deb qat’iy qaror qilgan edi. Shuning uchun u qiziga matematika va fan bo‘yicha qat’iy ta’lim berilishini talab qilgan, bu o‘sha davrda qiz bola uchun juda g‘ayrioddiy edi.
At the age of seventeen, Ada met the mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage at a party in London. Babbage showed her a working section of his “Difference Engine”, a mechanical calculator designed to produce mathematical tables. Ada was fascinated, and the two began a friendship and correspondence that would last for the rest of her life. Babbage was later so impressed by her abilities that he called her “the Enchantress of Number”.
O‘n yetti yoshida Ada Londondagi ziyofatda matematik va ixtirochi Charlz Bebbij bilan tanishdi. Bebbij unga matematik jadvallar tuzish uchun mo‘ljallangan mexanik hisoblash mashinasi — “Farq mashinasi”ning ishlaydigan qismini ko‘rsatdi. Ada hayratda qoldi va ikkalasi o‘rtasida uning umrining oxirigacha davom etgan do‘stlik va yozishmalar boshlandi. Keyinchalik Bebbij uning qobiliyatlaridan shunchalik ta’sirlanganki, uni “Raqamlar sehrgari” deb atagan.
Babbage’s next design, the “Analytical Engine”, was far more ambitious. Unlike the Difference Engine, it could, in theory, be given instructions using punched cards, an idea borrowed from mechanical weaving looms. It had a separate memory and processing unit, much like a modern computer. In 1843, Ada translated an article about the machine written by an Italian engineer, and added her own notes, which ended up being three times longer than the original article.
Bebbijning keyingi loyihasi — “Analitik mashina” ancha ulkan edi. Farq mashinasidan farqli o‘laroq, unga nazariy jihatdan mexanik to‘quv dastgohlaridan olingan g‘oya — teshikli kartalar yordamida ko‘rsatmalar berish mumkin edi. Unda xuddi zamonaviy kompyuterdagidek alohida xotira va ishlov berish qismi bor edi. 1843-yilda Ada italiyalik muhandis yozgan mashina haqidagi maqolani tarjima qildi va o‘z izohlarini qo‘shdi, ular asl maqoladan uch baravar uzun bo‘lib chiqdi.
In these notes, Ada described step by step how the Analytical Engine could calculate a complex sequence of numbers known as Bernoulli numbers. This detailed method is often described as the first published computer program. But her most remarkable contribution was an idea. Babbage saw his machine mainly as a powerful calculator. Ada realised that if numbers could represent other things, such as musical notes or letters, the machine could manipulate them too. She suggested that such a machine might one day compose elaborate pieces of music.
Bu izohlarda Ada Analitik mashina Bernulli sonlari deb ataladigan murakkab sonlar ketma-ketligini qanday hisoblashi mumkinligini bosqichma-bosqich tasvirlab bergan. Bu batafsil usul ko‘pincha birinchi nashr etilgan kompyuter dasturi deb ta’riflanadi. Lekin uning eng ajoyib hissasi bir g‘oya edi. Bebbij o‘z mashinasini asosan kuchli hisoblagich deb bilgan. Ada esa agar raqamlar musiqa notalari yoki harflar kabi boshqa narsalarni ifodalashi mumkin bo‘lsa, mashina ular bilan ham ishlay olishini anglagan. U bunday mashina bir kun kelib murakkab musiqa asarlarini yaratishi mumkinligini taxmin qilgan.
Ada’s later life was difficult. She suffered from poor health for many years, accumulated large gambling debts in an attempt to develop a mathematical system for betting on horse races, and died of cancer in 1852 at the age of thirty-six, the same age as her father. The Analytical Engine was never built, partly because of a lack of funding, and her notes were largely forgotten.
Adaning keyingi hayoti og‘ir kechdi. U ko‘p yillar davomida sog‘lig‘i yomonligidan aziyat chekdi, ot poygalariga tikish uchun matematik tizim ishlab chiqishga urinib, katta qimor qarzlariga botdi va 1852-yilda otasi bilan bir xil yoshda — o‘ttiz olti yoshida saratondan vafot etdi. Analitik mashina qisman mablag‘ yetishmasligi sababli hech qachon qurilmadi va uning izohlari deyarli unutildi.
Her work was rediscovered in the twentieth century, when the pioneers of modern computing recognised how much she had anticipated. Today, a programming language developed for the United States Department of Defense bears her name, and the second Tuesday of October is celebrated in many countries as Ada Lovelace Day, which honours the achievements of women in science and technology.
Uning ishi yigirmanchi asrda, zamonaviy hisoblash texnikasining kashshoflari u qanchalik ko‘p narsani oldindan ko‘ra bilganini tan olgach, qayta kashf etildi. Bugun AQSh Mudofaa vazirligi uchun ishlab chiqilgan dasturlash tili uning nomi bilan ataladi, oktyabrning ikkinchi seshanbasi esa ko‘plab mamlakatlarda fan va texnologiyada ayollarning yutuqlarini ulug‘laydigan Ada Lavleys kuni sifatida nishonlanadi.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the main point of the biography?
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2 Why did Ada’s mother give her a mathematical education?
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3 Where did the idea of punched cards come from?
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4 What was Ada’s most important idea?
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5 Why was the Analytical Engine never built?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 A mathematical education was unusual for girls in Ada’s time.
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2 A programming language is named after Ada.
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3 Ada spoke Italian fluently.
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4 Ada met Babbage when she was seventeen.
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5 The Difference Engine was designed to play music.
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6 Ada never knew her father.
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7 Ada’s notes were longer than the article she translated.
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8 Babbage thought of his machine mainly as a music composer.
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9 Ada’s betting system made her rich.
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10 Ada died at the same age as her father.
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11 Lord Byron died when Ada was a teenager.
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12 Ada had brothers and sisters from her mother.
So‘zni ma’nosi bilan juftlang
Chapdan so‘zni, o‘ngdan uning ma’nosini tanlang. Hammasi juftlansa, natija chiqadi.
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