The Silent Pandemic
Jim pandemiya
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Antibiotiklarga chidamlilik: qanday paydo bo‘ladi, nega xavfli va nima qilish kerak.
Kalit so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlar matnda uchraydi va matnda ajratib ko‘rsatiladi. Bosing — talaffuzini eshitasiz.
⏱ O‘qish boshlanganda vaqt o‘lchanadi — oxirida tezligingizni ko‘rasiz.
👆 Istalgan so‘zni bosing — tarjimasi yoki lug‘atga havola chiqadi.
The discovery of penicillin in 1928 inaugurated an era in which infections that had once been fatal became routinely curable. Surgery, chemotherapy and organ transplants all depend on effective antibiotics. That foundation is now eroding. Bacteria are evolving resistance faster than new drugs are being developed, and drug-resistant infections were directly responsible for over a million deaths worldwide in 2019.
1928-yilda penitsillinning kashf etilishi bir paytlar o‘limga olib kelgan infeksiyalar odatiy tarzda davolanadigan davrni boshlab berdi. Jarrohlik, kimyoterapiya va organ transplantatsiyasi — barchasi samarali antibiotiklarga bog‘liq. Bu poydevor endi yemirilmoqda. Bakteriyalar yangi dorilar ishlab chiqilishidan tezroq chidamlilik rivojlantirmoqda va dori-darmonga chidamli infeksiyalar 2019-yilda dunyo bo‘ylab bir milliondan ortiq o‘limga bevosita sabab bo‘lgan.
Resistance is a consequence of natural selection. When antibiotics are used, susceptible bacteria die, while any that carry resistance genes survive and multiply. Bacteria can also share these genes with one another, allowing resistance to spread across species. Every unnecessary prescription, such as antibiotics taken for viral infections like colds, against which they are useless, accelerates the process.
Chidamlilik tabiiy tanlanishning natijasidir. Antibiotiklar qo‘llanilganda sezgir bakteriyalar nobud bo‘ladi, chidamlilik genlarini tashiydiganlari esa omon qolib, ko‘payadi. Bakteriyalar bu genlarni bir-biri bilan ham bo‘lisha oladi, bu esa chidamlilikning turlar bo‘ylab tarqalishiga imkon beradi. Har bir keraksiz retsept — masalan, antibiotiklar foydasiz bo‘lgan shamollash kabi virusli infeksiyalarga qarshi ichilgan antibiotiklar — jarayonni tezlashtiradi.
Agriculture compounds the problem. In many countries, the majority of antibiotics are given not to people but to livestock, often to promote growth rather than to treat illness. Meanwhile, the pharmaceutical industry has largely withdrawn from antibiotic research, because new antibiotics, which should be used sparingly to preserve their effectiveness, generate little profit.
Qishloq xo‘jaligi muammoni kuchaytiradi. Ko‘p mamlakatlarda antibiotiklarning aksariyati odamlarga emas, chorva mollariga, ko‘pincha kasallikni davolash uchun emas, o‘sishni tezlashtirish uchun beriladi. Shu bilan birga, farmatsevtika sanoati antibiotik tadqiqotlaridan asosan chekingan, chunki samaradorligini saqlash uchun tejab ishlatilishi kerak bo‘lgan yangi antibiotiklar kam foyda keltiradi.
Addressing the crisis requires action on several fronts: stricter control of prescriptions, bans on growth-promoting antibiotics in farming, better sanitation and vaccination to prevent infections in the first place, and new funding models that reward companies for developing drugs rather than for selling them in volume. Without such measures, experts warn, routine medical procedures could once again become dangerous.
Inqirozni hal qilish bir necha yo‘nalishda harakat qilishni talab qiladi: retseptlarni qat’iyroq nazorat qilish, dehqonchilikda o‘sishni tezlashtiruvchi antibiotiklarni taqiqlash, infeksiyalarning oldini olish uchun yaxshiroq sanitariya va emlash hamda kompaniyalarni dorilarni ko‘p miqdorda sotgani uchun emas, ishlab chiqqani uchun rag‘batlantiradigan yangi moliyalashtirish modellari. Bunday choralarsiz, mutaxassislar ogohlantiradi, odatiy tibbiy muolajalar yana xavfli bo‘lib qolishi mumkin.
Individuals have a part to play. Patients should not pressure doctors for antibiotics when they have a viral illness, should complete prescribed courses as directed, and should never share or save antibiotics for later use. Simple measures such as handwashing and keeping vaccinations up to date also reduce the number of infections that might require antibiotics in the first place.
Shaxslarning ham o‘z roli bor. Bemorlar virusli kasallik paytida shifokorlarni antibiotik yozishga majburlamasligi, buyurilgan kursni ko‘rsatmaga muvofiq tugatishi va antibiotiklarni hech qachon boshqalar bilan bo‘lishmasligi yoki keyinroq ishlatish uchun saqlamasligi kerak. Qo‘l yuvish va emlashlarni o‘z vaqtida olish kabi oddiy choralar ham antibiotik talab qilishi mumkin bo‘lgan infeksiyalar sonini kamaytiradi.
Alternative approaches are also under investigation. Bacteriophages, viruses that infect and kill specific bacteria, were studied in the Soviet Union for decades and are attracting renewed interest. Because each phage targets a narrow range of bacteria, they could in principle treat infections without harming the beneficial microbes in the human body.
Muqobil yondashuvlar ham o‘rganilmoqda. Muayyan bakteriyalarni zararlab o‘ldiradigan viruslar — bakteriofaglar Sovet Ittifoqida o‘nlab yillar davomida o‘rganilgan va hozir ularga yana qiziqish ortmoqda. Har bir fag bakteriyalarning tor doirasini nishonga olgani uchun ular nazariy jihatdan inson tanasidagi foydali mikroblarga zarar yetkazmasdan infeksiyalarni davolashi mumkin.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the main topic of the article?
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2 How does antibiotic resistance develop?
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3 Why has the pharmaceutical industry withdrawn from antibiotic research?
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4 Which solution is proposed in the article?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 Phage therapy is now widely used in European hospitals.
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2 Most antibiotics in many countries are given to people.
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3 Patients should save leftover antibiotics for later.
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4 Bacteriophages were studied in the Soviet Union.
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5 Antibiotics are useless against viral infections such as colds.
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6 A new class of antibiotics was discovered last year.
So‘zni ma’nosi bilan juftlang
Chapdan so‘zni, o‘ngdan uning ma’nosini tanlang. Hammasi juftlansa, natija chiqadi.