The Rainforests of the Sea
Dengiz tropik o‘rmonlari
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Marjon riflarining ahamiyati, ularni nima xavf ostiga qo‘yayotgani va qutqarish yo‘llari.
Kalit so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlar matnda uchraydi va matnda ajratib ko‘rsatiladi. Bosing — talaffuzini eshitasiz.
⏱ O‘qish boshlanganda vaqt o‘lchanadi — oxirida tezligingizni ko‘rasiz.
👆 Istalgan so‘zni bosing — tarjimasi yoki lug‘atga havola chiqadi.
Coral reefs cover less than one percent of the ocean floor, yet they are home to around a quarter of all marine species. Because of this extraordinary variety of life, they are often called “the rainforests of the sea”. Reefs protect coastlines from storms and waves, provide food for hundreds of millions of people and support tourism industries worth billions of dollars. But scientists warn that they are disappearing at an alarming rate.
Marjon riflari okean tubining bir foizidan kamrog‘ini egallaydi, lekin ular barcha dengiz turlarining taxminan to‘rtdan biriga makon bo‘ladi. Hayotning bu favqulodda xilma-xilligi tufayli ular ko‘pincha “dengiz tropik o‘rmonlari” deb ataladi. Riflar qirg‘oqlarni bo‘ron va to‘lqinlardan himoya qiladi, yuzlab million odamlarni oziq-ovqat bilan ta’minlaydi va milliardlab dollarlik turizm sanoatini qo‘llab-quvvatlaydi. Lekin olimlar ular xavotirli tezlikda yo‘qolib borayotgani haqida ogohlantirishmoqda.
Many people assume that coral is a kind of rock or plant, but it is actually made up of tiny animals called polyps. Each polyp builds a hard skeleton of calcium carbonate around itself, and over thousands of years, millions of these skeletons form the huge structures we call reefs. The polyps live in partnership with microscopic algae, which live inside their tissues. The algae produce food through photosynthesis and give the coral its bright colours; in return, the coral provides the algae with shelter.
Ko‘pchilik marjonni tosh yoki o‘simlikning bir turi deb o‘ylaydi, lekin u aslida polip deb ataladigan mitti hayvonlardan iborat. Har bir polip o‘z atrofida kalsiy karbonatdan qattiq skelet quradi va ming yillar davomida millionlab bunday skeletlar biz rif deb ataydigan ulkan inshootlarni hosil qiladi. Poliplar ularning to‘qimalari ichida yashaydigan mikroskopik suv o‘tlari bilan hamkorlikda yashaydi. Suv o‘tlari fotosintez orqali ozuqa ishlab chiqaradi va marjonga yorqin rang beradi; evaziga marjon suv o‘tlariga boshpana beradi.
This partnership is extremely sensitive to temperature. When the water becomes even one or two degrees warmer than normal for several weeks, the coral becomes stressed and expels the algae. Without them, the coral turns white, a process known as “bleaching”. Bleached coral is not dead, and it can recover if temperatures return to normal quickly. But if the heat continues, the coral starves and dies.
Bu hamkorlik haroratga nihoyatda sezgir. Suv bir necha hafta davomida odatdagidan bir-ikki daraja issiqroq bo‘lsa ham, marjon stressga tushib, suv o‘tlarini chiqarib yuboradi. Ularsiz marjon oqarib ketadi, bu jarayon “oqarish” deb nomlanadi. Oqargan marjon o‘lik emas va harorat tezda normal holatga qaytsa, u tiklanishi mumkin. Lekin issiq davom etsa, marjon och qolib, nobud bo‘ladi.
As the oceans have warmed due to climate change, bleaching events have become more frequent and more severe. The Great Barrier Reef in Australia, the largest reef system in the world, has suffered several mass bleaching events since 2016. Some scientists estimate that the world has already lost around half of its coral reefs since the 1950s, and that up to ninety percent could disappear by 2050 if global temperatures continue to rise.
Iqlim o‘zgarishi tufayli okeanlar isigani sari oqarish hodisalari tez-tez va og‘irroq bo‘lib bormoqda. Dunyodagi eng katta rif tizimi bo‘lgan Avstraliyadagi Katta to‘siq rifi 2016-yildan beri bir necha marta ommaviy oqarishga uchragan. Ba’zi olimlarning hisob-kitobiga ko‘ra, dunyo 1950-yillardan beri marjon riflarining taxminan yarmini yo‘qotgan va agar global harorat ko‘tarilishda davom etsa, 2050-yilga borib to‘qson foizgacha qismi yo‘qolib ketishi mumkin.
Warming is not the only threat. As the oceans absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, the water becomes more acidic, which makes it harder for coral to build its skeleton. Pollution from farms and cities, overfishing and destructive fishing methods, such as using explosives, also damage reefs. Even sunscreen can be harmful: certain chemicals found in some sun creams have been shown to damage young coral, and places such as Hawaii have banned them.
Isish yagona tahdid emas. Okeanlar atmosferadan karbonat angidridni yutgani sari suv kislotaliroq bo‘ladi, bu esa marjonga skelet qurishni qiyinlashtiradi. Fermalar va shaharlardan chiqadigan ifloslanish, haddan tashqari baliq ovlash va portlovchi moddalardan foydalanish kabi vayron qiluvchi baliq ovlash usullari ham riflarga zarar yetkazadi. Hatto quyoshdan himoya kremi ham zararli bo‘lishi mumkin: ba’zi quyosh kremlaridagi ma’lum kimyoviy moddalar yosh marjonlarga zarar yetkazishi isbotlangan va Gavayi kabi joylar ularni taqiqlagan.
There is still hope, however. Around the world, scientists are developing creative ways to help reefs survive. Some are growing coral in underwater “nurseries” and replanting it on damaged reefs. Others are breeding varieties of coral that can survive in warmer water. Marine protected areas, where fishing and other activities are limited, have helped some reefs to recover remarkably well.
Biroq hali umid bor. Dunyo bo‘ylab olimlar riflarning omon qolishiga yordam berishning ijodiy usullarini ishlab chiqmoqda. Ba’zilari suv osti “ko‘chatxonalari”da marjon o‘stirib, uni shikastlangan riflarga qayta ekmoqda. Boshqalari issiqroq suvda yashay oladigan marjon navlarini ko‘paytirmoqda. Baliq ovlash va boshqa faoliyatlar cheklangan dengiz qo‘riqxonalari ba’zi riflarning ajoyib darajada tiklanishiga yordam bergan.
Ultimately, though, experts agree that these local efforts can only buy time. The only long-term solution is to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions that are warming the planet. The fate of the world’s coral reefs, like so much else, depends on decisions that are being made today.
Biroq oxir-oqibat mutaxassislar bu mahalliy sa’y-harakatlar faqat vaqt yutishga yordam berishi mumkinligiga qo‘shilishadi. Yagona uzoq muddatli yechim sayyorani isitayotgan issiqxona gazlari chiqindilarini kamaytirishdir. Dunyo marjon riflarining taqdiri, boshqa ko‘p narsalar kabi, bugun qabul qilinayotgan qarorlarga bog‘liq.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the main topic of the article?
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2 What is coral actually made of?
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3 What causes coral bleaching?
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4 Why does more acidic water harm coral?
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5 According to experts, what is the only long-term solution?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 Coral reefs are home to about ninety percent of marine species.
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2 Experts believe local efforts alone can save the reefs.
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3 The algae give coral its colours.
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4 Scientists are breeding coral that can survive warmer water.
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5 The Great Barrier Reef is visited by two million tourists a year.
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6 Some fishermen use explosives.
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7 Sunscreen is banned in all of Australia.
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8 Bleached coral is always dead.
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9 The Great Barrier Reef has had several mass bleaching events since 2016.
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10 Coral reefs cover less than one percent of the ocean floor.
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11 No reefs have recovered in protected areas.
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12 Coral reefs exist in the Caspian Sea.
So‘zni ma’nosi bilan juftlang
Chapdan so‘zni, o‘ngdan uning ma’nosini tanlang. Hammasi juftlansa, natija chiqadi.