From Olympia to the Modern Games
Olimpiyadan zamonaviy o‘yinlargacha
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Olimpiya o‘yinlarining qadimgi Yunonistondan bugungacha bo‘lgan tarixi.
Kalit so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlar matnda uchraydi va matnda ajratib ko‘rsatiladi. Bosing — talaffuzini eshitasiz.
⏱ O‘qish boshlanganda vaqt o‘lchanadi — oxirida tezligingizni ko‘rasiz.
👆 Istalgan so‘zni bosing — tarjimasi yoki lug‘atga havola chiqadi.
Every four years, billions of people around the world watch the Olympic Games, the largest sporting event on the planet. More than ten thousand athletes from over two hundred countries compete in dozens of sports, from swimming and athletics to skateboarding and breakdancing. But the Games have a history that goes back almost three thousand years, to a small valley in southern Greece.
Har to‘rt yilda dunyo bo‘ylab milliardlab odamlar sayyoramizdagi eng katta sport tadbiri — Olimpiya o‘yinlarini tomosha qilishadi. Ikki yuzdan ortiq mamlakatdan o‘n mingdan ortiq sportchi suzish va yengil atletikadan skeytbord va breykdansgacha bo‘lgan o‘nlab sport turlarida bellashadi. Lekin o‘yinlarning tarixi deyarli uch ming yil oldinga, janubiy Yunonistondagi kichik vodiyga borib taqaladi.
The first recorded Olympic Games took place in 776 BC at Olympia, a religious site dedicated to Zeus, the king of the Greek gods. At first, there was only one event: a running race of about 192 metres, the length of the stadium. The winner was a cook called Koroibos. Over the following centuries, more events were added, including wrestling, boxing, chariot racing and the pentathlon, which combined running, jumping, wrestling, and throwing the discus and javelin.
Qayd etilgan birinchi Olimpiya o‘yinlari miloddan avvalgi 776-yilda yunon xudolarining shohi Zevsga bag‘ishlangan diniy joy — Olimpiyada bo‘lib o‘tgan. Avvaliga faqat bitta musobaqa bor edi: stadion uzunligiga teng taxminan 192 metrlik yugurish poygasi. G‘olib Koroybos ismli oshpaz edi. Keyingi asrlarda kurash, boks, aravalar poygasi va yugurish, sakrash, kurash, disk va nayza uloqtirishni birlashtirgan beshkurash kabi ko‘proq musobaqalar qo‘shildi.
The ancient Games were very different from today’s. Only free Greek men could compete, and married women were not even allowed to watch, though there was a separate festival for women in honour of the goddess Hera. Athletes competed naked, and winners did not receive gold medals; instead, they were given a crown made of olive leaves. However, back in their home cities, champions were treated as heroes and often received free meals for life.
Qadimgi o‘yinlar bugungisidan juda farq qilgan. Faqat erkin yunon erkaklari qatnasha olgan, turmushga chiqqan ayollarga esa hatto tomosha qilishga ham ruxsat berilmagan, garchi ma’buda Gera sharafiga ayollar uchun alohida bayram bo‘lsa-da. Sportchilar yalang‘och bellashgan va g‘oliblar oltin medal olmagan; buning o‘rniga ularga zaytun barglaridan yasalgan toj berilgan. Biroq o‘z shaharlariga qaytgach, chempionlarga qahramonlardek munosabatda bo‘lishgan va ko‘pincha umrbod bepul ovqat berilgan.
The Games were so important that a sacred truce was announced before each one. Messengers travelled across Greece to tell the different cities to stop fighting, so that athletes and spectators could travel safely to Olympia. The ancient Games continued for more than a thousand years, until they were banned by the Roman emperor Theodosius in 393 AD, who saw them as a non-Christian festival.
O‘yinlar shunchalik muhim ediki, har biridan oldin muqaddas sulh e’lon qilingan. Chopqirlar sportchilar va tomoshabinlar Olimpiyaga xavfsiz yetib borishlari uchun turli shaharlarga urushni to‘xtatishni aytish maqsadida butun Yunoniston bo‘ylab yo‘l olishgan. Qadimgi o‘yinlar ming yildan ko‘proq davom etgan, toki milodiy 393-yilda ularni xristian bo‘lmagan bayram deb hisoblagan Rim imperatori Feodosiy taqiqlaguncha.
For fifteen centuries, there were no Olympic Games. Then, in the late nineteenth century, a French teacher and historian called Pierre de Coubertin had an idea. He believed that sport could improve education and bring nations together in peace. In 1894, he organised a conference in Paris where the International Olympic Committee was created, and two years later, in 1896, the first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens.
O‘n besh asr davomida Olimpiya o‘yinlari bo‘lmagan. Keyin, XIX asr oxirida, Per de Kuberten ismli fransuz o‘qituvchisi va tarixchisi bir g‘oyaga keldi. U sport ta’limni yaxshilashi va xalqlarni tinchlikda birlashtirishi mumkin, deb hisoblardi. 1894-yilda u Parijda konferensiya tashkil etdi va unda Xalqaro Olimpiya qo‘mitasi tuzildi, ikki yildan keyin, 1896-yilda esa Afinada birinchi zamonaviy Olimpiya o‘yinlari o‘tkazildi.
The 1896 Games were small by today’s standards: about 240 athletes from fourteen countries, all of them men. Women first competed four years later, in Paris in 1900, in tennis, golf and a few other sports. The Winter Olympics began in 1924, and the Paralympic Games, for athletes with disabilities, started in Rome in 1960. Today, the number of male and female athletes at the Summer Games is almost equal.
1896-yilgi o‘yinlar bugungi standartlar bo‘yicha kichik edi: o‘n to‘rt mamlakatdan taxminan 240 sportchi, ularning hammasi erkaklar. Ayollar birinchi marta to‘rt yildan keyin, 1900-yilda Parijda tennis, golf va boshqa bir nechta sport turlarida qatnashishgan. Qishki Olimpiada 1924-yilda boshlangan, nogironligi bor sportchilar uchun Paralimpiya o‘yinlari esa 1960-yilda Rimda boshlangan. Bugun Yozgi o‘yinlardagi erkak va ayol sportchilar soni deyarli teng.
Of course, the modern Games have faced many problems, including political boycotts, cheating with drugs and huge costs for the host cities. Yet they remain a powerful symbol. The five interlocking rings on the Olympic flag represent the five inhabited continents joined together, and for a few weeks every four years, the world watches people from every country compete side by side.
Albatta, zamonaviy o‘yinlar ko‘plab muammolarga, jumladan siyosiy boykotlar, doping orqali aldash va mezbon shaharlar uchun katta xarajatlarga duch kelgan. Shunga qaramay, ular kuchli ramz bo‘lib qolmoqda. Olimpiya bayrog‘idagi bir-biriga bog‘langan beshta halqa odamlar yashaydigan beshta qit’aning birlashganini ifodalaydi va har to‘rt yilda bir necha hafta davomida dunyo har bir mamlakat vakillarining yonma-yon bellashuvini tomosha qiladi.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the text mainly about?
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2 What was the only event at the first recorded Games?
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3 What did ancient Olympic winners receive?
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4 Why was a sacred truce announced?
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5 What did Pierre de Coubertin believe?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 The ancient Games lasted for about two hundred years.
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2 The five rings represent five continents.
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3 Koroibos was a cook.
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4 Theodosius banned the Games.
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5 Ancient athletes trained for ten years before competing.
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6 The Paralympic Games started in Rome.
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7 The first recorded Games were held in 776 BC.
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8 Pierre de Coubertin was a famous athlete.
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9 Champions often received free meals for life.
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10 Women competed in the first modern Games in 1896.
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11 Uzbekistan first competed in the Olympics in 1996.
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12 Married women could watch the ancient Games.
So‘zni ma’nosi bilan juftlang
Chapdan so‘zni, o‘ngdan uning ma’nosini tanlang. Hammasi juftlansa, natija chiqadi.
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