Why Languages Die
Tillar nega yo‘qoladi
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Dunyo tillarining yo‘qolishi sabablari va ularni saqlab qolish harakatlari.
Kalit so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlar matnda uchraydi va matnda ajratib ko‘rsatiladi. Bosing — talaffuzini eshitasiz.
⏱ O‘qish boshlanganda vaqt o‘lchanadi — oxirida tezligingizni ko‘rasiz.
👆 Istalgan so‘zni bosing — tarjimasi yoki lug‘atga havola chiqadi.
Of the roughly 7,000 languages spoken today, linguists estimate that around half could disappear by the end of this century. Many are spoken by only a few hundred people, most of them elderly. When the last speaker dies, a unique way of seeing the world is lost forever.
Bugun gapiriladigan taxminan 7 000 tildan yarmiga yaqini shu asr oxirigacha yo‘qolishi mumkin, deb hisoblaydi tilshunoslar. Ularning ko‘pida atigi bir necha yuz kishi gaplashadi, ularning aksariyati keksalar. Oxirgi so‘zlashuvchi vafot etganda, dunyoni ko‘rishning noyob usuli abadiy yo‘qoladi.
Languages rarely die suddenly. More often, the process is gradual. Parents begin speaking a dominant language, such as English, Russian or Spanish, to their children because they believe it will offer them better opportunities. Within a generation or two, the original language is no longer passed on.
Tillar kamdan-kam hollarda to‘satdan o‘ladi. Ko‘pincha bu jarayon asta-sekin kechadi. Ota-onalar farzandlariga yaxshiroq imkoniyatlar beradi deb ishonib, ingliz, rus yoki ispan kabi ustun tilda gapira boshlaydi. Bir-ikki avlod ichida asl til endi keyingi avlodga o‘tmaydi.
The loss matters for more than sentimental reasons. Indigenous languages often contain detailed knowledge of local plants, animals and ecosystems that has never been written down. Some languages also reveal surprising differences in how humans think about time, space and colour.
Bu yo‘qotish faqat hissiy sabablarga ko‘ra muhim emas. Mahalliy xalqlar tillari ko‘pincha hech qachon yozib olinmagan mahalliy o‘simliklar, hayvonlar va ekotizimlar haqidagi batafsil bilimlarni o‘z ichiga oladi. Ba’zi tillar insonlarning vaqt, makon va rang haqida qanday fikrlashidagi hayratlanarli farqlarni ham ochib beradi.
There are success stories. Hebrew was revived as a spoken language in the twentieth century after centuries of use mainly in religion and literature. Welsh, once in steep decline, is now taught in all schools in Wales. These examples show that, with community commitment and political support, a language’s decline can be reversed.
Muvaffaqiyat hikoyalari ham bor. Ibroniy tili asrlar davomida asosan din va adabiyotda ishlatilgandan so‘ng XX asrda og‘zaki til sifatida qayta tiklandi. Bir vaqtlar keskin tanazzulga uchragan uels tili endi Uelsdagi barcha maktablarda o‘qitiladi. Bu misollar jamoa sadoqati va siyosiy qo‘llab-quvvatlash bilan tilning tanazzulini orqaga qaytarish mumkinligini ko‘rsatadi.
Technology offers new tools for preservation. Linguists now record elderly speakers on video, create online dictionaries and develop apps that allow young people to learn their grandparents’ language on their phones. Some indigenous communities have even worked with technology companies to add their languages to keyboards and translation services.
Texnologiya saqlab qolish uchun yangi vositalarni taklif qilmoqda. Tilshunoslar endi keksa so‘zlashuvchilarni videoga yozib oladi, onlayn lug‘atlar yaratadi va yoshlarga bobo-buvilarining tilini telefonda o‘rganish imkonini beradigan ilovalar ishlab chiqadi. Ba’zi tub aholi jamoalari hatto texnologiya kompaniyalari bilan hamkorlikda o‘z tillarini klaviaturalar va tarjima xizmatlariga qo‘shgan.
However, recordings alone cannot keep a language alive. A language survives only if people use it in daily life: at home, at work and with friends. That is why the most successful programmes focus on children, often through “language nests”, pre-schools where young children are surrounded by elders who speak only the endangered language.
Biroq yozuvlarning o‘zi tilni tirik saqlay olmaydi. Til faqat odamlar undan kundalik hayotda — uyda, ishda va do‘stlar bilan foydalanganda yashaydi. Shuning uchun eng muvaffaqiyatli dasturlar bolalarga e’tibor qaratadi, ko‘pincha “til uyalari” orqali — kichik bolalar faqat yo‘qolish xavfi ostidagi tilda gapiradigan keksalar qurshovida bo‘ladigan maktabgacha muassasalar.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the main idea of the article?
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2 How do languages usually die, according to the article?
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3 Why does the loss of indigenous languages matter beyond emotions?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 The writer says recordings alone are enough to save a language.
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2 Hebrew has been a spoken language continuously for centuries.
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3 Welsh is now taught in all schools in Wales.
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4 “Language nests” are designed for young children.
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5 Uzbek is one of the languages in danger.
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6 Language nests were first created in New Zealand.
So‘zni ma’nosi bilan juftlang
Chapdan so‘zni, o‘ngdan uning ma’nosini tanlang. Hammasi juftlansa, natija chiqadi.
Natijangiz
- Tushunish
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- So‘zlar
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- Tezlik
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