Rosalind Franklin and the Double Helix
Rozalind Franklin va qo‘sh spiral
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
DNK tuzilishini aniqlashda hal qiluvchi rol o‘ynagan, lekin uzoq vaqt e’tirof etilmagan olima haqida.
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In April 1953, the journal Nature published a short paper by James Watson and Francis Crick proposing that DNA has the structure of a double helix. It would become one of the most celebrated scientific papers of the twentieth century. Yet one of the most crucial pieces of evidence on which their model depended had been produced by a scientist whose name received only passing mention, and who never knew how heavily they had relied on her work. Her name was Rosalind Franklin.
1953-yil aprelida “Nature” jurnali Jeyms Uotson va Frensis Krikning DNK qo‘sh spiral tuzilishiga ega ekanini taklif qilgan qisqa maqolasini nashr etdi. U yigirmanchi asrning eng mashhur ilmiy maqolalaridan biriga aylandi. Biroq ularning modeli tayangan eng muhim dalillardan biri nomi faqat o‘tkinchi tilga olingan va ular uning ishiga qanchalik tayanganini hech qachon bilmagan olima tomonidan olingan edi. Uning ismi Rozalind Franklin edi.
Franklin was born in London in 1920 into a prosperous and well-connected family. She decided at the age of fifteen that she wanted to be a scientist, and went on to study chemistry at Cambridge. During the Second World War she conducted research on the structure of coal, work that earned her a doctorate and remains cited today. She then spent several productive years in Paris, where she became an expert in X-ray crystallography, a technique that uses the patterns produced when X-rays pass through a substance to deduce the arrangement of its atoms.
Franklin 1920-yilda Londonda badavlat va aloqalari keng oilada tug‘ilgan. U o‘n besh yoshida olima bo‘lishga qaror qilgan va keyinchalik Kembrijda kimyo bo‘yicha tahsil olgan. Ikkinchi jahon urushi davrida u ko‘mirning tuzilishi bo‘yicha tadqiqot olib borgan, bu ish unga doktorlik darajasini olib bergan va bugungi kunda ham iqtibos keltiriladi. Keyin u Parijda bir necha samarali yil o‘tkazgan va u yerda rentgen kristallografiyasi bo‘yicha mutaxassisga aylangan — bu usul moddaning atomlari joylashuvini aniqlash uchun rentgen nurlari undan o‘tganda hosil bo‘ladigan naqshlardan foydalanadi.
In 1951 she moved to King’s College London to apply these methods to DNA. Her time there was unhappy. A misunderstanding over her role led to a poisonous relationship with her colleague Maurice Wilkins, who had expected her to work as his assistant rather than as an independent researcher. The atmosphere at King’s, where women were not even permitted to eat in one of the senior common rooms, did not help.
1951-yilda u bu usullarni DNKga qo‘llash uchun London Qirollik kollejiga o‘tgan. U yerdagi vaqti baxtsiz kechgan. Uning roli haqidagi tushunmovchilik hamkasbi Moris Uilkins bilan zaharli munosabatlarga olib kelgan, u Franklinning mustaqil tadqiqotchi emas, balki uning yordamchisi sifatida ishlashini kutgan edi. Ayollarga hatto katta xodimlar dam olish xonalaridan birida ovqatlanishga ruxsat berilmagan Qirollik kollejidagi muhit ham yordam bermagan.
Despite these difficulties, Franklin’s work was meticulous and brilliant. In May 1952, she and her doctoral student Raymond Gosling produced an exceptionally clear X-ray image of DNA, later known as “Photo 51”. Its distinctive X-shaped pattern was strong evidence of a helical structure. In January 1953, without Franklin’s knowledge, Wilkins showed the image to Watson, who later wrote that “my mouth fell open and my pulse began to race”. Watson and Crick also obtained access to an unpublished report containing Franklin’s precise measurements. Within weeks, they had built their model.
Bu qiyinchiliklarga qaramay, Franklinning ishi sinchkov va ajoyib edi. 1952-yil mayida u va uning doktoranti Raymond Gosling DNKning g‘ayrioddiy aniq rentgen tasvirini olishdi, keyinchalik u “51-surat” nomi bilan tanildi. Uning o‘ziga xos X shaklidagi naqshi spiral tuzilishning kuchli dalili edi. 1953-yil yanvarida Franklinning xabarisiz Uilkins tasvirni Uotsonga ko‘rsatgan, Uotson keyinchalik “og‘zim ochilib qoldi va yurak urishim tezlashdi” deb yozgan. Uotson va Krik, shuningdek, Franklinning aniq o‘lchovlari bo‘lgan nashr etilmagan hisobotga kirish imkoniga ega bo‘lishgan. Bir necha hafta ichida ular o‘z modellarini qurishgan.
Historians continue to debate how to judge these events. Franklin’s own notebooks show that she was moving towards the correct structure independently, though she had not yet reached it, and her paper with Gosling was published in the same issue of Nature as Watson and Crick’s, appearing as supporting evidence rather than as the foundation of the discovery. Some scholars argue that the use of her data without permission was a serious breach of scientific ethics; others emphasise that sharing information informally was common at the time, and that Watson and Crick’s insight in building the model was itself a genuine achievement.
Tarixchilar bu voqealarni qanday baholash haqida bahslashishda davom etmoqda. Franklinning o‘z daftarlari u hali yetib bormagan bo‘lsa-da, mustaqil ravishda to‘g‘ri tuzilish tomon harakatlanayotganini ko‘rsatadi va uning Gosling bilan maqolasi “Nature”ning Uotson va Krik maqolasi chiqqan sonida kashfiyot asosi sifatida emas, balki qo‘llab-quvvatlovchi dalil sifatida nashr etilgan. Ba’zi olimlar uning ma’lumotlaridan ruxsatsiz foydalanish ilmiy axloqning jiddiy buzilishi bo‘lgan deb hisoblashadi; boshqalar o‘sha paytda ma’lumotni norasmiy almashish odatiy hol bo‘lganini va Uotson bilan Krikning modelni qurishdagi zukkoligi o‘zi haqiqiy yutuq ekanini ta’kidlashadi.
Franklin left King’s soon afterwards and moved to Birkbeck College, where she led pioneering research on the structure of viruses, including the tobacco mosaic virus and, later, the polio virus. In 1956 she was diagnosed with ovarian cancer, possibly linked to her extensive exposure to X-rays, and she died in 1958 at the age of thirty-seven. Four years later, Watson, Crick and Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize. Because the prize is not given posthumously, Franklin could not have shared it, but her contribution was barely acknowledged in their speeches.
Franklin ko‘p o‘tmay Qirollik kollejini tark etib, Birkbek kollejiga o‘tgan va u yerda viruslar, jumladan tamaki mozaikasi virusi va keyinchalik poliomielit virusi tuzilishi bo‘yicha kashshof tadqiqotlarga rahbarlik qilgan. 1956-yilda unga tuxumdon saratoni tashxisi qo‘yilgan, bu ehtimol uning rentgen nurlariga ko‘p duch kelishi bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan va u 1958-yilda o‘ttiz yetti yoshida vafot etgan. To‘rt yil o‘tib Uotson, Krik va Uilkins Nobel mukofotiga sazovor bo‘lishdi. Mukofot vafotidan keyin berilmagani uchun Franklin uni baham ko‘ra olmasdi, lekin ularning nutqlarida uning hissasi deyarli tan olinmagan.
In recent decades, her reputation has been substantially restored. Buildings, scholarships and even a Mars rover have been named after her. Her story has become a powerful illustration of how women’s contributions to science have been overlooked, and a reminder that the history of discovery is rarely as simple, or as fair, as the textbooks once suggested.
So‘nggi o‘n yilliklarda uning obro‘si sezilarli darajada tiklandi. Binolar, stipendiyalar va hatto Mars roveri uning nomi bilan atalgan. Uning hikoyasi ayollarning fanga qo‘shgan hissasi qanday e’tibordan chetda qolganining yorqin misoliga va kashfiyotlar tarixi darsliklar bir vaqtlar ko‘rsatganidek kamdan-kam hollarda oddiy yoki adolatli bo‘lishining eslatmasiga aylandi.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the main focus of the biography?
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2 What caused problems between Franklin and Wilkins?
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3 What was “Photo 51”?
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4 How did Watson first see Photo 51?
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5 Why could Franklin not share the Nobel Prize?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 Franklin stopped doing research after leaving King’s.
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2 Women were not allowed to eat in one of the common rooms at King’s.
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3 Franklin’s research on coal earned her a doctorate.
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4 Franklin died before the Nobel Prize was awarded for DNA.
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5 Some historians say informal sharing of data was common at the time.
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6 Franklin learned to speak French fluently in Paris.
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7 Watson and Crick apologised to Franklin before her death.
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8 Franklin’s paper was published several years after Watson and Crick’s.
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9 Franklin’s family was opposed to her career in science.
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10 Watson and Crick’s paper was published in 1953.
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11 Franklin decided to become a scientist after university.
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12 Raymond Gosling helped produce Photo 51.
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