Should University Education Be Free?
Oliy ta’lim bepul bo‘lishi kerakmi?
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Oliy ta’limni bepul qilish tarafdorlari va qarshilarining dalillari tahlili.
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In many countries, the cost of a university degree has risen dramatically in recent decades. In the United States, students often graduate with debts of tens of thousands of dollars, while in the United Kingdom, annual tuition fees have increased several times since the late 1990s. At the same time, countries such as Germany, Norway and Finland offer university education free of charge, even, in some cases, to international students. This raises an important question: should higher education be paid for by the state, or by the individuals who benefit from it?
Ko‘plab mamlakatlarda so‘nggi o‘n yilliklarda universitet diplomining narxi keskin oshgan. AQShda talabalar ko‘pincha o‘n minglab dollar qarz bilan bitirishadi, Buyuk Britaniyada esa yillik o‘qish to‘lovlari 1990-yillar oxiridan beri bir necha barobar oshgan. Shu bilan birga Germaniya, Norvegiya va Finlyandiya kabi mamlakatlar oliy ta’limni bepul taklif qiladi, ba’zi hollarda hatto xalqaro talabalarga ham. Bu muhim savolni tug‘diradi: oliy ta’lim davlat tomonidan to‘lanishi kerakmi yoki undan foyda ko‘radigan shaxslar tomonidanmi?
Supporters of free university education make several strong arguments. The first is about fairness. When education is expensive, talented young people from poorer families may decide not to apply, either because they cannot afford it or because they are afraid of debt. This means that a country’s universities may be filled not with the most able students, but with those whose parents have the most money. Free education, they argue, gives everyone an equal chance to develop their abilities.
Bepul oliy ta’lim tarafdorlari bir nechta kuchli dalil keltirishadi. Birinchisi — adolat haqida. Ta’lim qimmat bo‘lganda, kambag‘alroq oilalardan chiqqan iqtidorli yoshlar to‘lay olmasliklari yoki qarzdan qo‘rqishlari sababli hujjat topshirmaslikka qaror qilishlari mumkin. Bu mamlakat universitetlari eng qobiliyatli talabalar bilan emas, balki ota-onasining puli eng ko‘p bo‘lganlar bilan to‘lishi mumkinligini anglatadi. Ularning ta’kidlashicha, bepul ta’lim hammaga o‘z qobiliyatlarini rivojlantirish uchun teng imkoniyat beradi.
The second argument is that society as a whole benefits from an educated population, not just the graduates themselves. Doctors, teachers, engineers and scientists provide services that everyone relies on. Educated citizens also tend to be healthier, commit fewer crimes and participate more actively in public life. In addition, graduates usually earn higher salaries and therefore pay more tax over their lifetimes, which, according to some economists, more than covers the original cost of their education.
Ikkinchi dalil shuki, o‘qimishli aholidan faqat bitiruvchilarning o‘zlari emas, butun jamiyat foyda ko‘radi. Shifokorlar, o‘qituvchilar, muhandislar va olimlar hamma tayanadigan xizmatlarni ko‘rsatishadi. O‘qimishli fuqarolar ham sog‘lomroq, kamroq jinoyat sodir etadi va jamoat hayotida faolroq ishtirok etadi. Bundan tashqari, bitiruvchilar odatda yuqoriroq maosh oladi va shuning uchun umri davomida ko‘proq soliq to‘laydi, bu esa ba’zi iqtisodchilarning fikricha, ularning ta’limining dastlabki xarajatini ortig‘i bilan qoplaydi.
Opponents, however, raise serious objections. The most obvious is cost. Running universities is extremely expensive, and if students do not pay, the money must come from taxes. This means that people who never went to university, including many on low incomes, help to pay for the education of people who will go on to earn much more than they do. Critics argue that this is itself a kind of unfairness.
Biroq raqiblar jiddiy e’tirozlarni ilgari surishadi. Eng yaqqoli — xarajat. Universitetlarni boshqarish nihoyatda qimmat va agar talabalar to‘lamasa, pul soliqlardan kelishi kerak. Bu universitetga hech qachon bormagan, jumladan ko‘plab kam daromadli odamlar o‘zlaridan ancha ko‘p daromad qiladigan odamlarning ta’limini to‘lashga yordam berishini anglatadi. Tanqidchilarning fikricha, bu o‘z-o‘zidan adolatsizlikning bir turi.
There are also concerns about quality. When governments pay for higher education, they often limit the number of places available or reduce the funding per student, which can lead to overcrowded lectures, fewer teachers and older facilities. Some economists also argue that when something is free, people value it less: students who are not paying may be less motivated to work hard or more likely to choose courses that do not lead to good jobs.
Sifat haqida ham xavotirlar bor. Hukumatlar oliy ta’limni to‘laganda, ular ko‘pincha mavjud o‘rinlar sonini cheklaydi yoki har bir talabaga ajratiladigan mablag‘ni kamaytiradi, bu esa gavjum ma’ruzalar, kamroq o‘qituvchilar va eskiroq binolarga olib kelishi mumkin. Ba’zi iqtisodchilar biror narsa bepul bo‘lganda odamlar uni kamroq qadrlashini ham ta’kidlashadi: to‘lamayotgan talabalar qattiq ishlashga kamroq undalgan yoki yaxshi ishga olib kelmaydigan kurslarni tanlashga ko‘proq moyil bo‘lishi mumkin.
Interestingly, the evidence on access is more complex than either side often admits. Scotland, which abolished tuition fees for its own students, has in some years had a larger gap between rich and poor students entering university than England, where fees are high but loans are only repaid once graduates earn above a certain amount. This suggests that the cost of tuition may matter less than other factors, such as the quality of schools and the support that students receive with living costs.
Qizig‘i shundaki, kirish imkoniyati bo‘yicha dalillar ikkala tomon ham ko‘pincha tan olganidan murakkabroq. O‘z talabalari uchun o‘qish to‘lovlarini bekor qilgan Shotlandiyada ba’zi yillarda universitetga kirayotgan boy va kambag‘al talabalar o‘rtasidagi farq to‘lovlar yuqori bo‘lgan, lekin kreditlar faqat bitiruvchilar ma’lum miqdordan ko‘p daromad qila boshlagandagina qaytariladigan Angliyadagidan kattaroq bo‘lgan. Bu o‘qish narxi maktablar sifati va talabalarning yashash xarajatlari bo‘yicha oladigan yordami kabi boshqa omillarga qaraganda kamroq ahamiyatga ega bo‘lishi mumkinligini ko‘rsatadi.
In my view, the best solution lies somewhere in the middle. Higher education should be free or very cheap for students from lower-income families, and generous grants should help them with the cost of living. Students from wealthier backgrounds could contribute through loans that are repaid only when they earn a good salary. Above all, governments should invest in schools, because a free university place is of little value to a young person who never had the chance to qualify for it.
Menimcha, eng yaxshi yechim qayerdadir o‘rtada. Oliy ta’lim kam daromadli oilalardan chiqqan talabalar uchun bepul yoki juda arzon bo‘lishi kerak va saxiy grantlar ularga yashash xarajatlarida yordam berishi kerak. Badavlatroq oilalardan chiqqan talabalar faqat yaxshi maosh olganlarida qaytariladigan kreditlar orqali hissa qo‘shishlari mumkin. Eng muhimi, hukumatlar maktablarga sarmoya kiritishi kerak, chunki bepul universitet o‘rni unga kirish imkoniyati hech qachon bo‘lmagan yosh uchun deyarli qimmatga ega emas.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the writer’s final opinion?
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2 What is the fairness argument for free education?
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3 Why do some critics say free university is unfair?
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4 What does the example of Scotland suggest?
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5 What does the writer think governments should do above all?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 Free education never affects the quality of universities.
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2 Some economists say graduates’ taxes cover the cost of their education.
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3 Graduates in Germany earn more than graduates in the United States.
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4 Most students in Finland study engineering.
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5 Educated citizens tend to commit fewer crimes.
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6 Some countries offer free university education to international students.
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7 In England, loans are repaid only when graduates earn above a certain amount.
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8 The writer supports generous grants for living costs.
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9 The writer went to university in the United States.
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10 Tuition fees in the UK have fallen since the late 1990s.
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11 Scotland always has a smaller gap between rich and poor students than England.
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