Ibn Battuta: The Greatest Traveller of the Middle Ages
Ibn Battuta: o‘rta asrlarning eng buyuk sayyohi
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Uch o‘n yillikda 120 ming kilometr yo‘l bosgan marokashlik sayyoh, jumladan Movarounnahrdagi safari.
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⏱ O‘qish boshlanganda vaqt o‘lchanadi — oxirida tezligingizni ko‘rasiz.
👆 Istalgan so‘zni bosing — tarjimasi yoki lug‘atga havola chiqadi.
In 1325, a twenty-one-year-old law student named Ibn Battuta left his home in Tangier, Morocco, to make the pilgrimage to Mecca. He expected the journey to take about a year and a half. Instead, he did not return home for twenty-four years. By the time he finally settled down, he had travelled around 120,000 kilometres, through what are now more than forty countries, a distance far greater than that covered by his famous predecessor, Marco Polo.
1325-yilda Ibn Battuta ismli yigirma bir yoshli huquqshunoslik talabasi Makkaga haj qilish uchun Marokashning Tanja shahridagi uyidan yo‘lga chiqdi. U safar taxminan bir yarim yil davom etadi deb kutgan edi. Buning o‘rniga u yigirma to‘rt yil davomida uyiga qaytmadi. Nihoyat bir joyga o‘rnashganida, u hozirgi qirqdan ortiq mamlakat hududi orqali taxminan 120 000 kilometr yo‘l bosgan edi, bu uning mashhur salafi Marko Poloning bosib o‘tgan masofasidan ancha ko‘p.
What made such extraordinary travel possible was the unity of the Islamic world at that time. From Spain to Indonesia, Muslim communities shared a religion, a legal tradition and, among educated people, the Arabic language. As a trained judge, Ibn Battuta was welcomed almost everywhere he went. Rulers gave him gifts, money, horses and sometimes even jobs, and he moved easily between courts, mosques and centres of learning.
Bunday g‘ayrioddiy sayohatni o‘sha paytdagi islom olamining birligi mumkin qildi. Ispaniyadan Indoneziyagacha musulmon jamoalari bir din, huquqiy an’ana va o‘qimishli odamlar orasida arab tilini baham ko‘rishgan. Tayyorlangan qozi sifatida Ibn Battuta deyarli borgan joyida iliq kutib olingan. Hukmdorlar unga sovg‘alar, pul, otlar va ba’zan hatto lavozimlar berishgan va u saroylar, masjidlar va ilm markazlari o‘rtasida bemalol harakatlangan.
His journeys took him across North Africa, through Egypt, Syria and Arabia, down the coast of East Africa and into Anatolia. In the early 1330s, he crossed the steppes of the Golden Horde, the great Mongol state north of the Caspian Sea, and then travelled south into Central Asia. He passed through Khorezm, which he described as one of the largest and most beautiful cities he had seen, crowded with so many people that it was difficult to move through the markets.
Uning sayohatlari uni Shimoliy Afrika bo‘ylab, Misr, Suriya va Arabiston orqali, Sharqiy Afrika qirg‘oqlari bo‘ylab janubga va Anatoliyaga olib bordi. 1330-yillarning boshida u Kaspiy dengizi shimolidagi buyuk mo‘g‘ul davlati — Oltin O‘rda dashtlarini kesib o‘tdi va keyin janubga, Markaziy Osiyoga yo‘l oldi. U Xorazm orqali o‘tdi va uni o‘zi ko‘rgan eng katta va eng chiroyli shaharlardan biri, bozorlarda yurish qiyin bo‘ladigan darajada odamga to‘la shahar sifatida ta’riflagan.
Samarkand and Bukhara made a different impression. Only a century earlier, both cities had been devastated by the armies of Genghis Khan, and Ibn Battuta found that many of their mosques, colleges and markets were still in ruins. He wrote that Bukhara, once the capital of learning in the region, now had almost no scholars. Samarkand, however, still impressed him with its gardens and orchards along the river, where people gathered in the evenings.
Samarqand va Buxoro boshqacha taassurot qoldirdi. Bir asr oldin ikkala shahar ham Chingizxon qo‘shinlari tomonidan vayron qilingan edi va Ibn Battuta ularning ko‘plab masjidlari, madrasalari va bozorlari hali ham xarobalikda ekanini ko‘rdi. U bir paytlar mintaqaning ilm poytaxti bo‘lgan Buxoroda endi deyarli olimlar qolmaganini yozgan. Biroq Samarqand daryo bo‘yidagi bog‘lari va mevazorlari bilan uni hamon hayratga soldi, u yerda odamlar kechqurunlari yig‘ilishardi.
From Central Asia, he crossed the Hindu Kush mountains into India, where the Sultan of Delhi, Muhammad bin Tughluq, appointed him as a judge with a very generous salary. He stayed for eight years. The Sultan was famous both for his generosity and for his cruelty, and Ibn Battuta lived in constant fear of falling out of favour. Eventually, the Sultan sent him as an ambassador to China, but the journey was a disaster: his ships were wrecked in a storm, and he lost almost everything he owned.
Markaziy Osiyodan u Hindikush tog‘larini kesib o‘tib, Hindistonga bordi, u yerda Dehli sultoni Muhammad ibn Tug‘luq uni juda saxiy maosh bilan qozi etib tayinladi. U sakkiz yil qoldi. Sulton saxiyligi bilan ham, shafqatsizligi bilan ham mashhur edi va Ibn Battuta doimo iltifotdan qolishdan qo‘rqib yashadi. Oxir-oqibat sulton uni Xitoyga elchi qilib yubordi, lekin safar falokat bilan tugadi: uning kemalari bo‘ronda halokatga uchradi va u egalik qilgan deyarli hamma narsasini yo‘qotdi.
Rather than return to Delhi, he continued his adventures, spending time in the Maldives, Sri Lanka and Bengal, and eventually reaching China by about 1345. When he finally returned to Morocco in 1349, he learned that his mother had died of the plague only a few months earlier. He later made one final journey, across the Sahara Desert to the kingdom of Mali in West Africa.
Dehliga qaytish o‘rniga u sarguzashtlarini davom ettirdi, Maldiv orollari, Shri-Lanka va Bengaliyada vaqt o‘tkazdi va nihoyat taxminan 1345-yilda Xitoyga yetib bordi. Nihoyat 1349-yilda Marokashga qaytganida, onasi bir necha oy oldin vabodan vafot etganini bildi. Keyinchalik u oxirgi safarini — Sahroi Kabir orqali G‘arbiy Afrikadagi Mali podsholigiga qildi.
Ibn Battuta’s travels are known to us through a book called the “Rihla”, which he dictated to a young scholar at the request of the Sultan of Morocco. Historians treat it with some caution: parts of it appear to be borrowed from earlier writers, and some scholars doubt that he really visited every place he described. Even so, the “Rihla” remains one of the most valuable sources we have about life in the fourteenth century, full of vivid detail about food, clothing, customs and the people he met along the way.
Ibn Battutaning sayohatlari bizga “Rihla” deb nomlangan kitob orqali ma’lum, uni u Marokash sultonining iltimosiga binoan yosh olimga aytib yozdirgan. Tarixchilar unga biroz ehtiyotkorlik bilan munosabatda bo‘lishadi: uning ba’zi qismlari avvalgi mualliflardan olinganga o‘xshaydi va ba’zi olimlar u ta’riflagan har bir joyga haqiqatan ham borganiga shubha qilishadi. Shunday bo‘lsa-da, “Rihla” XIV asr hayoti haqidagi eng qimmatli manbalardan biri bo‘lib qolmoqda va ovqat, kiyim, urf-odatlar va u yo‘lda uchratgan odamlar haqidagi jonli tafsilotlarga to‘la.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the text mainly about?
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2 Why was Ibn Battuta welcomed almost everywhere?
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3 What did Ibn Battuta find in Bukhara?
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4 What happened on his journey as ambassador to China?
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5 Why do historians treat the “Rihla” with caution?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 Ibn Battuta returned home after a year and a half.
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2 Ibn Battuta was married several times during his travels.
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3 Ibn Battuta first left home to go on the pilgrimage to Mecca.
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4 Ibn Battuta worked as a judge in Delhi.
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5 Ibn Battuta described Khorezm as very crowded.
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6 Ibn Battuta did not write the “Rihla” himself.
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7 Ibn Battuta travelled further than Marco Polo.
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8 Muhammad bin Tughluq later visited Morocco.
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9 His last journey was to Mali.
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10 Samarkand and Bukhara had been destroyed shortly before his visit by Amir Temur.
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11 The “Rihla” was translated into Latin in the fifteenth century.
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12 Ibn Battuta saw his mother when he returned in 1349.
So‘zni ma’nosi bilan juftlang
Chapdan so‘zni, o‘ngdan uning ma’nosini tanlang. Hammasi juftlansa, natija chiqadi.
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