The Problem of Space Junk
Kosmik chiqindi muammosi
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Yer orbitasidagi chiqindilar sun’iy yo‘ldoshlar va kosmik missiyalar uchun xavf tug‘dirmoqda.
Kalit so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlar matnda uchraydi va matnda ajratib ko‘rsatiladi. Bosing — talaffuzini eshitasiz.
⏱ O‘qish boshlanganda vaqt o‘lchanadi — oxirida tezligingizni ko‘rasiz.
👆 Istalgan so‘zni bosing — tarjimasi yoki lug‘atga havola chiqadi.
Since the launch of Sputnik in 1957, humans have sent thousands of objects into orbit. Many of them are still there: dead satellites, discarded rocket stages and millions of fragments created by collisions and explosions. Together, they are known as space debris.
1957-yilda “Sputnik” uchirilganidan beri insonlar orbitaga minglab obyektlar yuborgan. Ularning ko‘pi hali ham u yerda: ishlamay qolgan sun’iy yo‘ldoshlar, tashlab yuborilgan raketa bosqichlari va to‘qnashuvlar hamda portlashlar natijasida paydo bo‘lgan millionlab bo‘laklar. Bularning barchasi birgalikda kosmik chiqindi deb ataladi.
Even tiny pieces are dangerous. Travelling at around 28,000 kilometres per hour, a fragment just one centimetre across can hit with the force of an exploding hand grenade. The International Space Station regularly has to change its orbit to avoid debris.
Hatto kichik bo‘laklar ham xavfli. Soatiga taxminan 28 000 kilometr tezlikda harakatlanayotgan atigi bir santimetrli bo‘lak portlayotgan qo‘l granatasi kuchi bilan urilishi mumkin. Xalqaro kosmik stansiya chiqindilardan qochish uchun muntazam ravishda orbitasini o‘zgartirishga majbur.
Scientists’ greatest fear is a scenario known as the Kessler syndrome, in which one collision creates fragments that cause further collisions, setting off a chain reaction. In the worst case, certain orbits could become unusable for generations, threatening the GPS, weather forecasting and communications we rely on daily.
Olimlarning eng katta qo‘rquvi — Kessler sindromi deb ataluvchi ssenariy: bunda bitta to‘qnashuv yangi to‘qnashuvlarga sabab bo‘ladigan bo‘laklarni hosil qilib, zanjir reaksiyasini boshlaydi. Eng yomon holatda ba’zi orbitalar avlodlar davomida foydalanib bo‘lmaydigan bo‘lib qolishi mumkin, bu esa har kuni tayanadigan GPS, ob-havo prognozi va aloqa tizimlariga tahdid soladi.
Solutions are being developed, including satellites designed to burn up in the atmosphere at the end of their lives and experimental missions to capture debris with nets or harpoons. However, with tens of thousands of new satellites planned in the coming decade, many experts argue that binding international rules are urgently needed.
Yechimlar ishlab chiqilmoqda, jumladan, umri tugaganda atmosferada yonib ketadigan qilib loyihalangan sun’iy yo‘ldoshlar va chiqindilarni to‘r yoki garpun bilan ushlash bo‘yicha tajriba missiyalari. Biroq keyingi o‘n yillikda o‘n minglab yangi sun’iy yo‘ldoshlar rejalashtirilganini hisobga olib, ko‘plab mutaxassislar majburiy xalqaro qoidalar zudlik bilan zarurligini ta’kidlaydi.
Some debris has been created deliberately. In 2007, China destroyed one of its own old weather satellites with a missile, producing more than three thousand trackable fragments in a single event. Similar tests by other countries have attracted international criticism, and several states have since pledged not to conduct destructive anti-satellite tests.
Ba’zi chiqindilar ataylab yaratilgan. 2007-yilda Xitoy o‘zining eski ob-havo sun’iy yo‘ldoshlaridan birini raketa bilan yo‘q qilib, bitta hodisada uch mingdan ortiq kuzatiladigan bo‘lak hosil qildi. Boshqa davlatlarning shunga o‘xshash sinovlari xalqaro tanqidga uchradi va o‘shandan beri bir qancha davlatlar vayron qiluvchi sun’iy yo‘ldoshga qarshi sinovlar o‘tkazmaslikka va’da berdi.
Most debris is too small to be tracked from the ground. Radar networks can follow objects larger than about ten centimetres, roughly the size of a tennis ball, of which there are over thirty thousand. Smaller pieces can only be estimated, sometimes by examining the tiny holes they leave on spacecraft that return to Earth.
Ko‘pchilik chiqindilar yerdan kuzatish uchun juda kichik. Radar tarmoqlari taxminan tennis to‘pi kattaligidagi, o‘n santimetrdan katta obyektlarni kuzata oladi, ularning soni o‘ttiz mingdan ortiq. Kichikroq bo‘laklarni faqat taxmin qilish mumkin, ba’zan Yerga qaytgan kosmik kemalarda qoldirgan mayda teshiklarini tekshirish orqali.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the main idea of the article?
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2 Why are even tiny fragments dangerous?
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3 What is the Kessler syndrome?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 The 2007 fragments have all burned up.
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2 China destroyed its own satellite in 2007.
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3 The ISS sometimes changes its orbit to avoid debris.
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4 Radar can track every piece of space debris.
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5 All space debris comes from old satellites only.
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6 Harpoon missions have already cleaned most debris.
So‘zni ma’nosi bilan juftlang
Chapdan so‘zni, o‘ngdan uning ma’nosini tanlang. Hammasi juftlansa, natija chiqadi.