The Bilingual Brain
Ikki tilli miya
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Ikki tilni bilish miyaga qanday ta’sir qilishi va bu haqdagi bahslar.
Kalit so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlar matnda uchraydi va matnda ajratib ko‘rsatiladi. Bosing — talaffuzini eshitasiz.
⏱ O‘qish boshlanganda vaqt o‘lchanadi — oxirida tezligingizni ko‘rasiz.
👆 Istalgan so‘zni bosing — tarjimasi yoki lug‘atga havola chiqadi.
For much of the twentieth century, many parents and teachers believed that bringing up a child with two languages was a mistake. They feared that the child would become confused, mix the languages up and fall behind classmates at school. Some early studies even appeared to support this view, reporting that bilingual children scored lower on intelligence tests.
Yigirmanchi asrning katta qismida ko‘plab ota-onalar va o‘qituvchilar bolani ikki tilda tarbiyalash xato deb hisoblashgan. Ular bola chalkashib ketishidan, tillarni aralashtirib yuborishidan va maktabda sinfdoshlaridan ortda qolishidan qo‘rqishgan. Ba’zi dastlabki tadqiqotlar ham ikki tilli bolalar aql-idrok testlarida pastroq ball olganini xabar qilib, bu fikrni qo‘llab-quvvatlagandek tuyulgan.
Those early studies, however, were deeply flawed. Many compared children from poor immigrant families with wealthier monolingual children, and they tested the immigrant children in a language they had only just begun to learn. When researchers in Canada repeated the comparison more carefully in 1962, controlling for family income and education, they found the opposite result: the bilingual children performed better on a range of tasks.
Biroq o‘sha dastlabki tadqiqotlar jiddiy kamchiliklarga ega edi. Ularning ko‘pchiligi kambag‘al muhojir oilalaridagi bolalarni boyroq bir tilli bolalar bilan solishtirgan va muhojir bolalarni ular endigina o‘rgana boshlagan tilda sinovdan o‘tkazgan. Kanadalik tadqiqotchilar 1962-yilda oila daromadi va ma’lumotini hisobga olib, taqqoslashni ehtiyotkorlik bilan takrorlaganida, teskari natijani olishgan: ikki tilli bolalar turli vazifalarda yaxshiroq natija ko‘rsatgan.
Since then, a large body of research has explored how speaking two languages affects the brain. One consistent finding is that both languages are active at the same time, even when a person is using only one of them. A bilingual speaker therefore has to constantly select the right language and suppress the other. Some psychologists argue that this daily practice strengthens the brain’s “executive functions”: the ability to focus, switch between tasks and ignore distractions.
O‘shandan beri ko‘plab tadqiqotlar ikki tilda gapirish miyaga qanday ta’sir qilishini o‘rgangan. Doimiy takrorlanadigan topilmalardan biri shuki, inson faqat bittasidan foydalanayotgan bo‘lsa ham, ikkala til bir vaqtda faol bo‘ladi. Shuning uchun ikki tilli so‘zlovchi doimiy ravishda to‘g‘ri tilni tanlashi va ikkinchisini bostirishi kerak. Ba’zi psixologlarning fikricha, bu kundalik mashq miyaning “ijro funksiyalari”ni mustahkamlaydi: diqqatni jamlash, vazifalar o‘rtasida almashish va chalg‘ituvchi narsalarga e’tibor bermaslik qobiliyatini.
The most striking claim concerns old age. In 2007, the Canadian psychologist Ellen Bialystok and her colleagues reported that bilingual patients developed the symptoms of dementia around four years later than monolingual patients with similar backgrounds. Later studies in India and Scotland reported similar delays. The theory is that bilingualism builds a kind of “cognitive reserve” that helps the brain cope with damage for longer.
Eng hayratlanarli da’vo keksalikka taalluqli. 2007-yilda kanadalik psixolog Ellen Bialistok va hamkasblari ikki tilli bemorlarda demensiya belgilari o‘xshash hayot sharoitiga ega bir tilli bemorlarga qaraganda taxminan to‘rt yil kechroq paydo bo‘lganini xabar qilgan. Keyinchalik Hindiston va Shotlandiyadagi tadqiqotlar ham shunga o‘xshash kechikishlarni qayd etgan. Nazariyaga ko‘ra, ikki tillilik miyaga shikastlanishga uzoqroq bardosh berishga yordam beradigan o‘ziga xos “kognitiv zaxira” yaratadi.
Not all scientists are convinced. In recent years, several large studies have failed to find any advantage in executive functions, and critics point out that studies showing positive results are more likely to be published than those that find nothing. The debate is far from settled, and many researchers now believe that any cognitive advantage is smaller and less universal than was once claimed.
Hamma olimlar ham bunga ishonmaydi. So‘nggi yillarda bir nechta yirik tadqiqotlar ijro funksiyalarida hech qanday ustunlik topa olmagan va tanqidchilar ijobiy natija ko‘rsatgan tadqiqotlar hech narsa topmaganlariga qaraganda ko‘proq nashr etilishini ta’kidlashadi. Bahs hali ham hal bo‘lmagan va ko‘plab tadqiqotchilar endi har qanday kognitiv ustunlik bir vaqtlar da’vo qilinganidan kichikroq va kamroq universal deb hisoblashadi.
What is not in doubt is that the old fears were unfounded. Bilingual children may sometimes mix words from both languages, but linguists regard this “code-switching” as a normal and often sophisticated skill rather than a sign of confusion. Bilingual children reach the main stages of language development at the same ages as other children.
Shubha tug‘dirmaydigan narsa shuki, eski qo‘rquvlar asossiz bo‘lgan. Ikki tilli bolalar ba’zan ikkala tildagi so‘zlarni aralashtirishi mumkin, lekin tilshunoslar bu “kod almashtirish”ni chalkashlik belgisi emas, balki oddiy va ko‘pincha murakkab mahorat deb biladi. Ikki tilli bolalar til rivojlanishining asosiy bosqichlariga boshqa bolalar bilan bir xil yoshda yetib boradi.
And whatever happens in the laboratory, the practical benefits of speaking two languages are obvious: access to more people, more jobs, more books and more ways of seeing the world. In countries such as Uzbekistan, where many people grow up speaking two or even three languages, this is hardly news.
Laboratoriyada nima bo‘lishidan qat’i nazar, ikki tilda gapirishning amaliy foydalari aniq: ko‘proq odamlar, ko‘proq ish o‘rinlari, ko‘proq kitoblar va dunyoni ko‘rishning ko‘proq usullariga yo‘l. Ko‘p odamlar ikki, hatto uch tilda gapirib ulg‘ayadigan O‘zbekiston kabi mamlakatlarda bu unchalik yangilik emas.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the article mainly about?
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2 Why were the early studies “deeply flawed”?
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3 According to research, what happens when a bilingual person speaks?
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4 What does “cognitive reserve” help the brain do?
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5 What do many researchers now believe?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 Some people once believed bilingual children would fall behind at school.
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2 Studies in India and Scotland found delays in dementia similar to Bialystok’s.
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3 The writer says the practical benefits of bilingualism are uncertain.
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4 Most people in Uzbekistan speak three languages.
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5 Ellen Bialystok speaks three languages.
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6 The 1962 study took family income into account.
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7 Code-switching is more common among teenagers than young children.
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8 Linguists see code-switching as a sign of confusion.
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9 All recent studies have found that bilinguals have better executive functions.
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10 Bilingual children reach language milestones at the usual ages.
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11 The 1962 Canadian study confirmed the results of earlier studies.
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12 Positive results are more likely to be published, according to critics.
So‘zni ma’nosi bilan juftlang
Chapdan so‘zni, o‘ngdan uning ma’nosini tanlang. Hammasi juftlansa, natija chiqadi.