The Science of Laughter
Kulgining ilmi
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Odamlar nega kuladi, kulgi qanday paydo bo‘lgan va u sog‘liqqa qanday ta’sir qiladi.
Kalit so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlar matnda uchraydi va matnda ajratib ko‘rsatiladi. Bosing — talaffuzini eshitasiz.
⏱ O‘qish boshlanganda vaqt o‘lchanadi — oxirida tezligingizni ko‘rasiz.
👆 Istalgan so‘zni bosing — tarjimasi yoki lug‘atga havola chiqadi.
Most of us laugh many times a day, yet we rarely stop to ask why. Laughter seems so natural that it hardly requires an explanation. However, scientists who study it have discovered that it is far more complex, and far more social, than it first appears. In fact, research suggests that laughing has surprisingly little to do with jokes.
Ko‘pchiligimiz kuniga ko‘p marta kulamiz, lekin nega kulishimiz haqida kamdan-kam o‘ylaymiz. Kulgi shunchalik tabiiyki, unga tushuntirish deyarli kerak emasdek tuyuladi. Biroq uni o‘rganuvchi olimlar kulgi dastlab ko‘ringanidan ancha murakkab va ancha ijtimoiy ekanini aniqlashgan. Aslida, tadqiqotlar kulishning hazillarga ajablanarli darajada kam aloqasi borligini ko‘rsatadi.
The American psychologist Robert Provine spent years secretly recording conversations in shopping centres, university campuses and city streets. He found that only about ten to twenty percent of laughter followed anything that could be described as a joke. Most of it came after ordinary remarks such as “See you later” or “I know what you mean”. Provine concluded that laughter is primarily a signal that we send to other people, a way of showing friendliness and building connection, rather than a reaction to humour.
Amerikalik psixolog Robert Provayn yillar davomida savdo markazlari, universitet hududlari va shahar ko‘chalarida suhbatlarni yashirincha yozib olgan. U kulgining faqat taxminan o‘n-yigirma foizi hazil deb atash mumkin bo‘lgan narsadan keyin kelishini aniqlagan. Kulgining ko‘p qismi “Keyin ko‘rishamiz” yoki “Nima demoqchiligingni tushunaman” kabi oddiy gaplardan so‘ng yangragan. Provayn kulgi asosan hazilga munosabat emas, balki boshqa odamlarga yuboradigan signalimiz, do‘stona munosabat ko‘rsatish va aloqa o‘rnatish usuli degan xulosaga kelgan.
This explains a curious fact: we are around thirty times more likely to laugh when we are with other people than when we are alone. When we do laugh alone, it is often because we are watching or reading something involving other people, which creates a kind of imaginary company. Laughter is also highly contagious. Hearing someone else laugh activates areas of the brain that prepare our facial muscles to join in, which is why television comedies have used recorded laughter for decades.
Bu qiziq bir faktni tushuntiradi: biz yolg‘iz bo‘lgandagiga qaraganda boshqa odamlar bilan birga bo‘lganimizda taxminan o‘ttiz baravar ko‘proq kulamiz. Yolg‘iz kulganimizda esa bu ko‘pincha boshqa odamlar ishtirok etgan biror narsani ko‘rayotgan yoki o‘qiyotganimiz uchun bo‘ladi, bu esa o‘ziga xos xayoliy hamroh yaratadi. Kulgi juda yuqumli hamdir. Boshqa birovning kulgisini eshitish miyaning yuz mushaklarimizni qo‘shilishga tayyorlaydigan qismlarini faollashtiradi, shuning uchun televizion komediyalar o‘nlab yillar davomida yozib olingan kulgidan foydalanib kelgan.
Laughter is not unique to humans. Chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans produce a breathy panting sound when they play-fight or are tickled, and researchers believe this is the evolutionary ancestor of human laughter. Even rats appear to “laugh”: the neuroscientist Jaak Panksepp discovered that young rats make high-pitched sounds, too high for humans to hear, when they are tickled, and that they actively seek out the hand that tickles them.
Kulgi faqat insonlarga xos emas. Shimpanzelar, gorillalar va orangutanlar o‘ynab olishganda yoki qitiqlanganda nafas aralash xirillagan tovush chiqaradi va tadqiqotchilar buni inson kulgisining evolyutsion ajdodi deb hisoblaydi. Hatto kalamushlar ham “kuladi” shekilli: neyrolog Yaak Pankseep yosh kalamushlar qitiqlanganda inson eshita olmaydigan darajada baland tovush chiqarishini va o‘zini qitiqlagan qo‘lni faol izlashini aniqlagan.
There is good evidence that laughter benefits our health, although some popular claims are exaggerated. A good laugh increases the heart rate and the amount of oxygen we breathe in, and afterwards the muscles relax. Laughing in a group also appears to trigger the release of endorphins, the brain’s natural painkillers. In one experiment at the University of Oxford, people who had just watched a comedy together could tolerate more pain than those who had watched a serious documentary.
Kulgining sog‘ligimizga foydasi borligiga yaxshi dalillar bor, garchi ba’zi mashhur da’volar bo‘rttirilgan bo‘lsa ham. Yaxshilab kulish yurak urishini va nafas oladigan kislorod miqdorini oshiradi, keyin esa mushaklar bo‘shashadi. Guruhda kulish, shuningdek, miyaning tabiiy og‘riq qoldiruvchilari bo‘lgan endorfinlar ajralishiga turtki bo‘ladi shekilli. Oksford universitetidagi bir tajribada hozirgina birga komediya tomosha qilgan odamlar jiddiy hujjatli film ko‘rganlarga qaraganda og‘riqqa ko‘proq chidagan.
However, laughter can also be used to exclude people. Laughing at someone rather than with them is one of the most powerful ways of signalling that they do not belong to a group. Children learn this early, and teasing that is meant as friendly can easily be experienced as hurtful. The social power of laughter, in other words, works in both directions.
Biroq kulgidan odamlarni chetlatish uchun ham foydalanish mumkin. Kimdir bilan birga emas, balki ustidan kulish uning guruhga tegishli emasligini bildirishning eng kuchli usullaridan biridir. Bolalar buni erta o‘rganadi va do‘stona niyatda qilingan mazax osongina og‘riqli tuyulishi mumkin. Boshqacha aytganda, kulgining ijtimoiy kuchi ikki tomonga ham ishlaydi.
So the next time you find yourself laughing at something that is not particularly funny, do not worry. You are simply doing what humans have done for millions of years: telling the people around you that you are relaxed, friendly and on their side.
Shunday ekan, keyingi safar unchalik kulgili bo‘lmagan narsaga kulayotganingizni sezsangiz, xavotir olmang. Siz shunchaki insonlar millionlab yillar davomida qilib kelgan ishni qilyapsiz: atrofingizdagi odamlarga xotirjam, do‘stona va ular tomonda ekaningizni bildiryapsiz.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
-
Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the main idea of the article?
-
2 What did Robert Provine discover?
-
3 Why have TV comedies used recorded laughter?
-
4 What did the Oxford experiment show?
-
5 What does the sixth paragraph mainly say?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
-
1 The writer thinks some claims about laughter and health are exaggerated.
-
2 The writer advises people to stop laughing at things that are not funny.
-
3 Robert Provine recorded conversations in public places.
-
4 People laugh more often when they are with others.
-
5 Most laughter, according to Provine, follows a joke.
-
6 Teasing intended as friendly can hurt people.
-
7 The sounds rats make when tickled cannot be heard by humans.
-
8 Provine’s research was carried out in several countries.
-
9 In the Oxford experiment, people watched the comedy alone.
-
10 Humans are the only animals that laugh.
-
11 Jaak Panksepp also studied chimpanzees.
-
12 The documentary in the experiment was about nature.
So‘zni ma’nosi bilan juftlang
Chapdan so‘zni, o‘ngdan uning ma’nosini tanlang. Hammasi juftlansa, natija chiqadi.