Bringing Back the Mammoth?
Mamontni qaytarishmi?
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Yo‘qolib ketgan turlarni qayta tiklash texnologiyasining imkoniyatlari va axloqiy savollari.
Kalit so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlar matnda uchraydi va matnda ajratib ko‘rsatiladi. Bosing — talaffuzini eshitasiz.
⏱ O‘qish boshlanganda vaqt o‘lchanadi — oxirida tezligingizni ko‘rasiz.
👆 Istalgan so‘zni bosing — tarjimasi yoki lug‘atga havola chiqadi.
Advances in genetic engineering have made a once fantastical idea seem plausible: reviving extinct species. One biotechnology company has announced plans to produce an elephant genetically modified to possess key traits of the woolly mammoth, arguing that herds of such animals could restore Arctic grasslands and slow the thawing of permafrost.
Gen muhandisligidagi yutuqlar bir vaqtlar xayoliy bo‘lgan g‘oyani — yo‘qolib ketgan turlarni qayta tiklashni — ehtimoliy qilib qo‘ydi. Bir biotexnologiya kompaniyasi junli mamontning asosiy xususiyatlariga ega bo‘lishi uchun genetik o‘zgartirilgan fil yaratish rejasini e’lon qildi va bunday hayvonlar podalari Arktika o‘tloqlarini tiklashi hamda abadiy muzlikning erishini sekinlashtirishi mumkinligini ta’kidladi.
The project’s appeal is easy to understand. It promises a kind of redemption for humanity’s role in past extinctions and generates public enthusiasm for science and conservation. Some argue that the technologies developed along the way could help endangered species today, for instance by increasing genetic diversity in small populations.
Loyihaning jozibasini tushunish oson. U insoniyatning o‘tmishdagi yo‘qolib ketishlardagi roli uchun o‘ziga xos kafforat va’da qiladi hamda fan va tabiatni muhofaza qilishga jamoatchilik ishtiyoqini uyg‘otadi. Ba’zilar yo‘l-yo‘lakay ishlab chiqilgan texnologiyalar bugungi kunda yo‘qolib ketish xavfi ostidagi turlarga, masalan, kichik populyatsiyalarda genetik xilma-xillikni oshirish orqali yordam berishi mumkinligini ta’kidlaydi.
The objections, however, are substantial. An animal resembling a mammoth would not be a mammoth: it would lack the learned behaviours that were transmitted across generations of the original species. Its welfare raises concerns, since elephants are intelligent, social animals, and any surrogate mothers and early calves would be subjected to experimental procedures. Ecologists also question whether the proposed environmental benefits would materialise at a meaningful scale.
Biroq e’tirozlar jiddiy. Mamontga o‘xshash hayvon mamont bo‘lmaydi: unda asl turning avlodlari orqali o‘tgan o‘rganilgan xulq-atvorlar bo‘lmaydi. Uning farovonligi xavotir uyg‘otadi, chunki fillar aqlli, ijtimoiy hayvonlar va har qanday surrogat onalar hamda dastlabki bolalar eksperimental muolajalarga duchor bo‘ladi. Ekologlar, shuningdek, taklif etilgan ekologik foydalar sezilarli miqyosda amalga oshishiga shubha qiladi.
Perhaps the most serious concern is one of priorities. Conservation funding is scarce, and species are disappearing now. If the prospect of resurrection weakens the urgency of protecting existing habitats, de-extinction could do more harm than good. Technology may one day allow us to undo some losses, but it cannot substitute for preventing them in the first place.
Ehtimol, eng jiddiy xavotir ustuvorliklarga tegishli. Tabiatni muhofaza qilish uchun mablag‘ tanqis va turlar hozir yo‘qolmoqda. Agar qayta tiklash istiqboli mavjud yashash muhitlarini himoya qilish zarurligini susaytirsa, yo‘qolgan turlarni tiklash foydadan ko‘ra ko‘proq zarar keltirishi mumkin. Texnologiya bir kun kelib ba’zi yo‘qotishlarni qaytarishimizga imkon berishi mumkin, lekin u ularning oldini olishning o‘rnini bosa olmaydi.
The technical obstacles remain formidable. Mammoth DNA recovered from frozen remains is fragmented, so scientists cannot simply clone the animal; instead, they plan to edit the genome of the Asian elephant, its closest living relative, at dozens of locations. Elephant pregnancies last about twenty-two months, and the animals reproduce slowly, so producing a herd large enough to affect an ecosystem would take many decades.
Texnik to‘siqlar hamon jiddiy. Muzlagan qoldiqlardan olingan mamont DNKsi parchalangan, shuning uchun olimlar hayvonni shunchaki klonlay olmaydi; buning o‘rniga ular eng yaqin tirik qarindoshi bo‘lgan Osiyo filining genomini o‘nlab joylarda tahrirlashni rejalashtirmoqda. Fil homiladorligi taxminan yigirma ikki oy davom etadi va hayvonlar sekin ko‘payadi, shuning uchun ekotizimga ta’sir qiladigan darajada katta poda yetishtirish ko‘p o‘n yilliklarni oladi.
Some of these objections apply less strongly to other candidates. Projects to restore recently extinct species, such as certain birds whose habitats still exist and whose causes of extinction have been addressed, raise fewer ecological and welfare concerns, and may prove a more realistic test of whether de-extinction can deliver genuine conservation benefits.
Bu e’tirozlarning ba’zilari boshqa nomzodlarga nisbatan kamroq tegishli. Yaqinda yo‘qolib ketgan turlarni, masalan, yashash muhiti hali mavjud va yo‘qolib ketish sabablari bartaraf etilgan ba’zi qushlarni tiklash loyihalari kamroq ekologik va farovonlik xavotirlarini tug‘diradi va yo‘qolgan turlarni tiklash haqiqiy tabiatni muhofaza qilish foydasini bera oladimi, degan savolning realroq sinovi bo‘lishi mumkin.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the writer’s overall position?
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2 According to the company, how could mammoth-like elephants help the environment?
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3 Why, according to the essay, would a mammoth-like animal not truly be a mammoth?
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4 What does the writer consider the most serious concern?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 A bird species has already been successfully revived.
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2 The writer believes technology can replace preventing extinctions.
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3 Scientists can simply clone mammoths from frozen DNA.
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4 Elephant pregnancies last about twenty-two months.
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5 The first mammoth-like elephant has already been born.
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6 The writer accepts that the project could generate public enthusiasm.
So‘zni ma’nosi bilan juftlang
Chapdan so‘zni, o‘ngdan uning ma’nosini tanlang. Hammasi juftlansa, natija chiqadi.
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