Cities That Cook
Pishayotgan shaharlar
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Shahar issiqlik orollari: sabablari, kimga ko‘proq ta’sir qilishi va yechimlar.
Kalit so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlar matnda uchraydi va matnda ajratib ko‘rsatiladi. Bosing — talaffuzini eshitasiz.
⏱ O‘qish boshlanganda vaqt o‘lchanadi — oxirida tezligingizni ko‘rasiz.
👆 Istalgan so‘zni bosing — tarjimasi yoki lug‘atga havola chiqadi.
On a summer afternoon, the centre of a large city can be several degrees hotter than the surrounding countryside, and the difference is often greatest at night. This phenomenon, the urban heat island effect, arises because asphalt and concrete absorb solar energy during the day and release it slowly after dark, while the scarcity of vegetation reduces the cooling effect of evaporation.
Yoz kunining tushdan keyingi paytida katta shahar markazi atrofdagi qishloq joylardan bir necha daraja issiqroq bo‘lishi mumkin va farq ko‘pincha kechasi eng katta bo‘ladi. Shahar issiqlik oroli effekti deb ataluvchi bu hodisa asfalt va betonning kunduzi quyosh energiyasini yutib, qorong‘i tushgach uni sekin chiqarishi, o‘simliklar kamligi esa bug‘lanishning sovutuvchi ta’sirini kamaytirishi sababli yuzaga keladi.
As climate change intensifies heatwaves, the consequences are increasingly lethal. Prolonged heat strains the cardiovascular system, and the absence of night-time relief prevents the body from recovering. The elderly, those with chronic illnesses and outdoor workers are particularly vulnerable.
Iqlim o‘zgarishi issiqlik to‘lqinlarini kuchaytirar ekan, oqibatlar tobora halokatli bo‘lmoqda. Uzoq davom etadigan issiq yurak-qon tomir tizimini zo‘riqtiradi, tungi yengillikning yo‘qligi esa tananing tiklanishiga to‘sqinlik qiladi. Keksalar, surunkali kasalligi borlar va ochiq havoda ishlovchilar ayniqsa zaif.
The burden is not evenly distributed. Within the same city, poorer neighbourhoods frequently have fewer trees, more paved surfaces and denser housing, and can be considerably hotter than wealthier districts. Their residents are also less likely to afford air conditioning, which in any case worsens the problem by pumping waste heat into the streets.
Yuk teng taqsimlanmagan. Bitta shaharning o‘zida kambag‘alroq mahallalarda ko‘pincha daraxtlar kamroq, asfaltlangan yuzalar ko‘proq va uylar zichroq bo‘lib, ular boyroq tumanlarga qaraganda ancha issiqroq bo‘lishi mumkin. Ularning aholisi konditsioner sotib olishga ham kamroq qodir, konditsioner esa baribir chiqindi issiqlikni ko‘chalarga haydab, muammoni kuchaytiradi.
Solutions range from the simple to the ambitious. Planting street trees, painting roofs white, creating parks and restoring urban waterways can all lower local temperatures measurably. Some cities have appointed “chief heat officers” to coordinate responses. Traditional architecture offers lessons too: the shaded courtyards and narrow streets of old Central Asian cities were designed precisely to keep residents cool.
Yechimlar oddiydan to kattagacha. Ko‘cha daraxtlarini ekish, tomlarni oq rangga bo‘yash, bog‘lar yaratish va shahar suv yo‘llarini tiklash — bularning barchasi mahalliy haroratni sezilarli darajada pasaytirishi mumkin. Ba’zi shaharlar javob choralarini muvofiqlashtirish uchun “bosh issiqlik mutasaddilari”ni tayinlagan. An’anaviy me’morchilik ham saboq beradi: qadimgi Markaziy Osiyo shaharlarining soyali hovlilari va tor ko‘chalari aynan aholini salqin saqlash uchun loyihalangan.
Measuring the effect has become easier thanks to satellites and cheap sensors. Some cities have organised “heat mapping” campaigns in which volunteers drive or cycle through neighbourhoods with temperature sensors attached to their vehicles. The resulting maps often reveal differences of up to ten degrees between neighbourhoods only a few kilometres apart.
Sun’iy yo‘ldoshlar va arzon sensorlar tufayli ta’sirni o‘lchash osonlashdi. Ba’zi shaharlar “issiqlik xaritasini tuzish” kampaniyalarini tashkil qilgan, unda ko‘ngillilar transport vositalariga harorat sensorlarini o‘rnatib, mahallalar bo‘ylab mashina yoki velosipedda yurishadi. Natijada tuzilgan xaritalar ko‘pincha bir-biridan atigi bir necha kilometr uzoqlikdagi mahallalar o‘rtasida o‘n darajagacha farqni ko‘rsatadi.
Trees are perhaps the most effective single measure, but they take decades to mature and require water, which may itself be scarce in hot climates. Planners must therefore choose species carefully, favouring drought-tolerant trees with wide canopies, and protect existing mature trees, which provide far more shade than newly planted saplings.
Daraxtlar, ehtimol, eng samarali yagona chora, lekin ular voyaga yetishi uchun o‘nlab yillar kerak va suv talab qiladi, issiq iqlimda esa suvning o‘zi tanqis bo‘lishi mumkin. Shuning uchun rejalashtiruvchilar turlarni ehtiyotkorlik bilan tanlashi, keng shox-shabbali qurg‘oqchilikka chidamli daraxtlarga ustunlik berishi va yangi ekilgan ko‘chatlardan ancha ko‘p soya beradigan mavjud yetuk daraxtlarni himoya qilishi kerak.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the main focus of the article?
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2 Why is the temperature difference often greatest at night?
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3 Why does air conditioning worsen the problem?
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4 What lesson does traditional Central Asian architecture offer?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 Newly planted saplings provide more shade than mature trees.
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2 Heat affects all residents of a city equally.
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3 Painting roofs white is the cheapest solution.
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4 Heat maps can show differences of up to ten degrees between neighbourhoods.
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5 Tashkent has carried out a heat mapping campaign.
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6 Poorer neighbourhoods are often hotter than wealthy ones.
So‘zni ma’nosi bilan juftlang
Chapdan so‘zni, o‘ngdan uning ma’nosini tanlang. Hammasi juftlansa, natija chiqadi.