The Long Journey of Paper
Qog‘ozning uzoq safari
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Qog‘oz Xitoyda qanday ixtiro qilingani va Samarqand orqali dunyoga tarqalgani haqida.
Kalit so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlar matnda uchraydi va matnda ajratib ko‘rsatiladi. Bosing — talaffuzini eshitasiz.
⏱ O‘qish boshlanganda vaqt o‘lchanadi — oxirida tezligingizni ko‘rasiz.
👆 Istalgan so‘zni bosing — tarjimasi yoki lug‘atga havola chiqadi.
Today we use paper so often that we hardly think about it. We write shopping lists on it, read newspapers printed on it and wrap presents in it. Yet for most of human history, paper did not exist. People wrote on clay tablets, animal skins, silk and even bones. Each of these materials had serious problems: clay was heavy, silk was extremely expensive, and animal skins took a long time to prepare.
Bugun biz qog‘ozdan shunchalik tez-tez foydalanamizki, bu haqda deyarli o‘ylamaymiz. Unga xarid ro‘yxatlarini yozamiz, unda bosilgan gazetalarni o‘qiymiz va sovg‘alarni unga o‘raymiz. Biroq insoniyat tarixining katta qismida qog‘oz mavjud bo‘lmagan. Odamlar loy taxtachalar, hayvon terilari, ipak va hatto suyaklarga yozishgan. Bu materiallarning har birida jiddiy muammolar bor edi: loy og‘ir, ipak juda qimmat, hayvon terilarini tayyorlash esa uzoq vaqt olardi.
According to tradition, paper was invented in China in the year 105 by a court official called Cai Lun. He mixed tree bark, old fishing nets and pieces of cloth with water, beat them into a soft paste, and then spread the paste thinly on a screen to dry. Historians now believe that simple forms of paper existed in China even earlier, but Cai Lun improved the method and made it popular.
An’anaga ko‘ra, qog‘oz 105-yilda Xitoyda Cai Lun ismli saroy amaldori tomonidan ixtiro qilingan. U daraxt po‘stlog‘i, eski baliq to‘rlari va mato bo‘laklarini suv bilan aralashtirib, ularni yumshoq bo‘tqaga aylantirgan, keyin bo‘tqani quritish uchun elak ustiga yupqa qilib yoygan. Tarixchilar endi qog‘ozning oddiy shakllari Xitoyda bundan ham oldin mavjud bo‘lgan deb hisoblashadi, lekin Cai Lun usulni takomillashtirib, uni ommalashtirgan.
For about six hundred years, the Chinese kept the secret of paper-making to themselves. Then, in 751, an important battle took place near the Talas River, in what is now Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. The Arab army defeated the Chinese army, and among the prisoners were some skilled paper-makers. They were taken to Samarkand, and soon the city had its own paper workshops.
Taxminan olti yuz yil davomida xitoyliklar qog‘oz tayyorlash sirini o‘zlarida saqlashdi. Keyin, 751-yilda, hozirgi Qirg‘iziston va Qozog‘iston hududidagi Talas daryosi yaqinida muhim jang bo‘lib o‘tdi. Arab qo‘shini Xitoy qo‘shinini yengdi va asirlar orasida bir nechta mohir qog‘ozchilar bor edi. Ular Samarqandga olib kelindi va tez orada shaharning o‘z qog‘oz ustaxonalari paydo bo‘ldi.
Samarkand paper quickly became famous across the Islamic world. Instead of tree bark, local craftsmen often used mulberry trees, cotton and old cloth, and they used the power of water from the city’s canals to beat the materials. The paper was smooth, strong and light. Merchants carried it along the Silk Road to Baghdad, Damascus and Cairo, and from there the knowledge slowly reached Spain and the rest of Europe.
Samarqand qog‘ozi tezda butun islom olamida mashhur bo‘ldi. Daraxt po‘stlog‘i o‘rniga mahalliy hunarmandlar ko‘pincha tut daraxti, paxta va eski matodan foydalanishgan, materiallarni urib yanchish uchun esa shahar ariqlaridagi suv kuchidan foydalanishgan. Qog‘oz silliq, mustahkam va yengil edi. Savdogarlar uni Ipak yo‘li orqali Bag‘dod, Damashq va Qohiraga olib borishgan, u yerdan esa bu bilim asta-sekin Ispaniya va Yevropaning qolgan qismiga yetib borgan.
The arrival of cheap paper changed the world. Books became less expensive, so more people could own them. Libraries grew, and scholars could copy and share their ideas much faster. In the fifteenth century, when Johannes Gutenberg developed his printing press in Germany, paper was ready and waiting. Without it, the printing revolution would have been almost impossible.
Arzon qog‘ozning paydo bo‘lishi dunyoni o‘zgartirdi. Kitoblar arzonlashdi, shuning uchun ko‘proq odamlar ularga ega bo‘la oldi. Kutubxonalar kengaydi, olimlar o‘z g‘oyalarini ancha tezroq ko‘chirib, tarqata oladigan bo‘lishdi. XV asrda Iogann Gutenberg Germaniyada o‘z bosma mashinasini yaratganida, qog‘oz allaqachon tayyor edi. Usiz bosmaxona inqilobi deyarli imkonsiz bo‘lardi.
Today, most paper is made from wood in huge factories, and the world uses around four hundred million tonnes of it every year. This creates environmental problems, as millions of trees are cut down. However, recycling is growing: in many European countries, more than seventy percent of paper is now recycled.
Bugun qog‘ozning katta qismi ulkan fabrikalarda yog‘ochdan tayyorlanadi va dunyo har yili uning taxminan to‘rt yuz million tonnasini ishlatadi. Bu ekologik muammolarni keltirib chiqaradi, chunki millionlab daraxtlar kesiladi. Biroq qayta ishlash o‘sib bormoqda: ko‘plab Yevropa mamlakatlarida endi qog‘ozning yetmish foizdan ko‘prog‘i qayta ishlanadi.
Interestingly, the old methods have not disappeared. In Konigil, a village near Samarkand, craftsmen have brought back traditional paper-making using mulberry bark. Visitors can watch the whole process and buy beautiful handmade paper. It is a reminder that this ordinary material, which we throw away without thinking, has an extraordinary history.
Qizig‘i shundaki, eski usullar yo‘qolib ketmagan. Samarqand yaqinidagi Konigil qishlog‘ida hunarmandlar tut po‘stlog‘idan an’anaviy qog‘oz tayyorlashni qayta tiklashgan. Tashrif buyuruvchilar butun jarayonni tomosha qilishlari va chiroyli qo‘lda tayyorlangan qog‘oz sotib olishlari mumkin. Bu biz o‘ylamay tashlab yuboradigan oddiy materialning g‘ayrioddiy tarixi borligini eslatadi.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the text mainly about?
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2 What was a problem with writing on silk?
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3 How did paper-making reach Samarkand?
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4 Why was paper important for Gutenberg’s invention?
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5 What can visitors do in Konigil today?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 Samarkand paper was more expensive than Chinese paper.
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2 Cai Lun became rich from his invention.
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3 Samarkand craftsmen used water power to make paper.
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4 China shared the secret of paper with other countries immediately.
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5 Historians are sure that Cai Lun made the very first paper.
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6 Less than half of paper is recycled in many European countries.
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7 Paper reached Europe before it reached Baghdad.
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8 Cai Lun used old fishing nets to make paper.
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9 Before paper, people wrote on animal skins.
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10 Cheap paper helped books become less expensive.
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11 The Arab army won the Battle of Talas.
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12 Gutenberg visited Samarkand.
So‘zni ma’nosi bilan juftlang
Chapdan so‘zni, o‘ngdan uning ma’nosini tanlang. Hammasi juftlansa, natija chiqadi.
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