Al-Biruni: The Man Who Measured the Earth
Beruniy: Yerni o‘lchagan olim
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Xorazmlik buyuk olim Abu Rayhon Beruniyning hayoti va kashfiyotlari.
Kalit so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlar matnda uchraydi va matnda ajratib ko‘rsatiladi. Bosing — talaffuzini eshitasiz.
⏱ O‘qish boshlanganda vaqt o‘lchanadi — oxirida tezligingizni ko‘rasiz.
👆 Istalgan so‘zni bosing — tarjimasi yoki lug‘atga havola chiqadi.
More than a thousand years ago, a scholar from Khorezm calculated the size of the Earth with remarkable accuracy, using little more than a mountain, an instrument for measuring angles and mathematics. His name was Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, and he is considered one of the greatest scientists of the medieval world.
Ming yildan ko‘proq vaqt oldin xorazmlik bir olim tog‘, burchaklarni o‘lchash asbobi va matematikadan boshqa deyarli hech narsadan foydalanmasdan Yerning kattaligini ajoyib aniqlik bilan hisoblab chiqqan. Uning ismi Abu Rayhon Beruniy bo‘lib, u o‘rta asrlar dunyosining eng buyuk olimlaridan biri hisoblanadi.
Al-Biruni was born in 973 near Kath, the old capital of Khorezm, in what is now Uzbekistan. Very little is known about his family; he himself once wrote that he did not really know who his grandfather was. However, he received an excellent education, studying mathematics and astronomy with a famous teacher, Abu Nasr Mansur. By the age of seventeen, he was already making his own scientific observations.
Beruniy 973-yilda hozirgi O‘zbekiston hududidagi Xorazmning qadimiy poytaxti Kat yaqinida tug‘ilgan. Uning oilasi haqida juda kam ma’lumot bor; uning o‘zi bir paytlar bobosi kim bo‘lganini aniq bilmasligini yozgan. Biroq u mashhur ustoz Abu Nasr Mansur qo‘lida matematika va astronomiyani o‘rganib, a’lo ta’lim olgan. O‘n yetti yoshidayoq u o‘zining ilmiy kuzatuvlarini olib bora boshlagan.
His life was not peaceful. Central Asia at that time was full of wars between rival rulers, and al-Biruni had to move many times. He lived in Gurgan, by the Caspian Sea, and later returned to Khorezm, where he worked at the court of the local rulers. There, he joined a remarkable group of scholars that included Ibn Sina, with whom he exchanged a series of famous letters about science and philosophy.
Uning hayoti tinch kechmagan. O‘sha paytda Markaziy Osiyo raqib hukmdorlar o‘rtasidagi urushlarga to‘la edi va Beruniy ko‘p marta ko‘chishga majbur bo‘lgan. U Kaspiy dengizi bo‘yidagi Gurgonda yashagan, keyin esa Xorazmga qaytib, mahalliy hukmdorlar saroyida ishlagan. U yerda u Ibn Sino ham bo‘lgan ajoyib olimlar guruhiga qo‘shilgan va u bilan ilm-fan va falsafa haqida mashhur maktublar almashgan.
In 1017, Mahmud of Ghazni conquered Khorezm and took al-Biruni and other scholars back to his capital in what is now Afghanistan. Al-Biruni later travelled with Mahmud’s armies to India. Instead of simply following the soldiers, he learned Sanskrit, the ancient language of India, and studied Indian science, religion and customs. His book about India, written around 1030, is still admired for its fairness and careful observation.
1017-yilda G‘aznalik Mahmud Xorazmni bosib oldi va Beruniy hamda boshqa olimlarni hozirgi Afg‘oniston hududidagi o‘z poytaxtiga olib ketdi. Keyinchalik Beruniy Mahmudning qo‘shinlari bilan Hindistonga bordi. U shunchaki askarlarga ergashish o‘rniga Hindistonning qadimiy tili — sanskritni o‘rgandi va hind ilm-fani, dini va urf-odatlarini tadqiq etdi. Taxminan 1030-yilda yozilgan Hindiston haqidagi kitobi bugun ham xolisligi va sinchkov kuzatuvlari uchun qadrlanadi.
It was in India that al-Biruni carried out his famous measurement of the Earth. He climbed a mountain near the fort of Nandana and measured its height. Then, from the top, he measured the angle at which the horizon appeared below him. Using geometry, he calculated the radius of the Earth. His result was about 6,340 kilometres, very close to the modern figure of around 6,371 kilometres.
Aynan Hindistonda Beruniy Yerni mashhur o‘lchashini amalga oshirdi. U Nandana qal’asi yaqinidagi tog‘ga chiqib, uning balandligini o‘lchadi. Keyin cho‘qqidan turib, ufq uning ostida qanday burchakda ko‘rinishini o‘lchadi. Geometriyadan foydalanib, u Yerning radiusini hisoblab chiqdi. Uning natijasi taxminan 6 340 kilometr bo‘lib, taxminan 6 371 kilometrlik zamonaviy ko‘rsatkichga juda yaqin.
Al-Biruni wrote around 146 works on an astonishing range of subjects, including astronomy, mathematics, geography, medicine, history and the properties of precious stones. He discussed the possibility that the Earth moves around the Sun, and he believed that scientific ideas should always be tested by observation. He also insisted on using reliable sources and admitted openly when he did not know something.
Beruniy astronomiya, matematika, geografiya, tibbiyot, tarix va qimmatbaho toshlarning xususiyatlari kabi hayratlanarli darajada keng mavzularda 146 ga yaqin asar yozgan. U Yer Quyosh atrofida aylanishi mumkinligini muhokama qilgan va ilmiy g‘oyalar har doim kuzatuv orqali sinab ko‘rilishi kerak, deb hisoblagan. U ishonchli manbalardan foydalanishni talab qilgan va biror narsani bilmasa, buni ochiq tan olgan.
He died in Ghazni in about 1048, still working until the end of his life. According to one story, when he was very ill, he asked a visiting friend a question about mathematics. The friend was surprised that he was thinking about such things at that moment. Al-Biruni answered that it was better to die knowing the answer than not knowing it. Today, a city in Karakalpakstan and a university in Tashkent bear his name.
U taxminan 1048-yilda G‘aznada vafot etgan va umrining oxirigacha ishlashda davom etgan. Bir rivoyatga ko‘ra, u qattiq kasal bo‘lganida, uni ko‘rgani kelgan do‘stidan matematikaga oid savol so‘ragan. Do‘sti uning shu paytda bunday narsalar haqida o‘ylayotganidan hayron qolgan. Beruniy javoban javobni bilmasdan o‘lishdan ko‘ra bilib o‘lish yaxshiroq, degan. Bugun Qoraqalpog‘istondagi shahar va Toshkentdagi universitet uning nomini olib yuradi.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the text mainly about?
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2 What does the text say about al-Biruni’s family?
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3 Why did al-Biruni go to Mahmud’s capital?
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4 How did al-Biruni measure the Earth?
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5 What does the story about his death show?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 Al-Biruni had three sons.
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2 A university in Tashkent is named after him.
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3 Al-Biruni began his scientific work after the age of thirty.
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4 He believed scientific ideas should be tested by observation.
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5 His measurement of the Earth’s radius was less than 50 kilometres from the modern figure.
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6 Al-Biruni’s measurement was checked by Mahmud’s scientists.
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7 Al-Biruni learned Sanskrit.
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8 His book about India is now considered unfair.
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9 Al-Biruni exchanged letters with Ibn Sina.
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10 Al-Biruni wrote only about astronomy.
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11 Al-Biruni was born near Kath.
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12 Al-Biruni and Ibn Sina were close friends all their lives.
So‘zni ma’nosi bilan juftlang
Chapdan so‘zni, o‘ngdan uning ma’nosini tanlang. Hammasi juftlansa, natija chiqadi.
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