Why Do People Believe Conspiracy Theories?
Odamlar nega fitna nazariyalariga ishonadi?
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Fitna nazariyalarining psixologiyasi va ularga qanday qarshi turish mumkinligi haqida.
Kalit so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlar matnda uchraydi va matnda ajratib ko‘rsatiladi. Bosing — talaffuzini eshitasiz.
⏱ O‘qish boshlanganda vaqt o‘lchanadi — oxirida tezligingizni ko‘rasiz.
👆 Istalgan so‘zni bosing — tarjimasi yoki lug‘atga havola chiqadi.
The moon landings were filmed in a studio. A secret group of wealthy families controls the world’s governments. A famous singer did not really die but is living quietly on a tropical island. Conspiracy theories like these have always existed, but the internet has allowed them to spread faster and further than ever before. Surveys in many countries suggest that around half of the population believes in at least one conspiracy theory. Why are they so appealing?
Oyga qo‘nish studiyada suratga olingan. Boy oilalardan iborat yashirin guruh dunyo hukumatlarini boshqaradi. Mashhur qo‘shiqchi aslida vafot etmagan, balki tropik orolda jimgina yashayapti. Bunday fitna nazariyalari doimo mavjud bo‘lgan, lekin internet ularga ilgarigidan tezroq va uzoqroqqa tarqalish imkonini berdi. Ko‘plab mamlakatlardagi so‘rovlar aholining taxminan yarmi kamida bitta fitna nazariyasiga ishonishini ko‘rsatadi. Ular nega bunchalik jozibali?
Psychologists have identified several needs that conspiracy theories seem to satisfy. The first is the need to understand. When something frightening or confusing happens, such as a pandemic or the sudden death of a public figure, we want an explanation. The official explanation may be complicated, uncertain or simply unsatisfying, whereas a conspiracy theory offers a clear story with a clear cause. Interestingly, research shows that people are more likely to believe in conspiracies when the event is large and the official cause seems small, as if a big event must have a big cause.
Psixologlar fitna nazariyalari qondiradigan bir nechta ehtiyojlarni aniqlashgan. Birinchisi — tushunish ehtiyoji. Pandemiya yoki taniqli shaxsning to‘satdan vafoti kabi qo‘rqinchli yoki chalkash narsa sodir bo‘lganda, biz tushuntirish istaymiz. Rasmiy tushuntirish murakkab, noaniq yoki shunchaki qoniqtirmaydigan bo‘lishi mumkin, fitna nazariyasi esa aniq sababga ega aniq hikoyani taklif qiladi. Qizig‘i shundaki, tadqiqotlar voqea katta, rasmiy sabab esa kichik tuyulganda odamlar fitnaga ko‘proq ishonishini ko‘rsatadi, go‘yo katta voqeaning katta sababi bo‘lishi shart.
The second is the need for control. People who feel anxious, powerless or uncertain about their lives are more likely to believe in conspiracy theories. Believing that events are secretly planned, even by evil people, may paradoxically feel less frightening than believing that the world is random and that terrible things can happen for no reason.
Ikkinchisi — nazorat ehtiyoji. Hayotidan xavotirda, ojiz yoki ishonchsiz his qiladigan odamlar fitna nazariyalariga ko‘proq ishonadi. Voqealar hatto yovuz odamlar tomonidan bo‘lsa ham yashirincha rejalashtirilganiga ishonish, paradoksal tarzda, dunyo tasodifiy va dahshatli narsalar sababsiz sodir bo‘lishi mumkinligiga ishonishdan kamroq qo‘rqinchli tuyulishi mumkin.
The third need is social. Conspiracy theories can make believers feel special, as if they possess important knowledge that the “sleeping” majority has missed. Online communities built around these theories also provide a sense of belonging. Once someone is part of such a group, changing their mind may mean losing friends, which makes it much harder to abandon the belief even when faced with strong evidence against it.
Uchinchi ehtiyoj ijtimoiy. Fitna nazariyalari ishonuvchilarni o‘zlarini alohida his qildirishi mumkin, go‘yo ular “uxlayotgan” ko‘pchilik e’tibordan chetda qoldirgan muhim bilimga ega. Bu nazariyalar atrofida qurilgan onlayn jamoalar ham tegishlilik hissini beradi. Kimdir shunday guruhning a’zosi bo‘lgach, fikrini o‘zgartirish do‘stlarini yo‘qotishni anglatishi mumkin, bu esa unga qarshi kuchli dalillarga duch kelganda ham ishonchdan voz kechishni ancha qiyinlashtiradi.
It is important to remember that some conspiracies have turned out to be real. Governments and companies have, at times, secretly done things they denied, and this history gives some theories a degree of credibility. The difference is that real conspiracies are usually uncovered through evidence, by journalists, investigators or whistle-blowers, whereas most conspiracy theories are designed so that they can never be disproved: any evidence against them is simply treated as part of the cover-up.
Ba’zi fitnalar haqiqat bo‘lib chiqqanini eslash muhim. Hukumatlar va kompaniyalar ba’zan o‘zlari inkor etgan ishlarni yashirincha qilishgan va bu tarix ba’zi nazariyalarga ma’lum darajada ishonchlilik beradi. Farq shundaki, haqiqiy fitnalar odatda dalillar orqali, jurnalistlar, tergovchilar yoki fosh etuvchilar tomonidan ochiladi, aksariyat fitna nazariyalari esa hech qachon rad etib bo‘lmaydigan qilib tuzilgan: ularga qarshi har qanday dalil shunchaki yashirishning bir qismi sifatida qabul qilinadi.
How should we respond to friends or relatives who believe in conspiracy theories? Experts suggest that mocking them is counterproductive, as it tends to make people defend their beliefs more strongly. A more effective approach is to ask open, respectful questions about how they know what they know, and to discuss the general techniques that misleading information uses. Some researchers have also found success with “prebunking”: warning people in advance about manipulation techniques, which seems to work rather like a vaccine against misinformation.
Fitna nazariyalariga ishonadigan do‘stlar yoki qarindoshlarga qanday munosabatda bo‘lish kerak? Mutaxassislar ularni masxara qilish teskari natija berishini aytishadi, chunki bu odamlarni o‘z e’tiqodlarini yanada qattiqroq himoya qilishga undaydi. Samaraliroq yondashuv — ular bilgan narsani qanday bilishlari haqida ochiq, hurmatli savollar berish va chalg‘ituvchi ma’lumotlar foydalanadigan umumiy usullarni muhokama qilishdir. Ba’zi tadqiqotchilar “oldindan fosh qilish”, ya’ni odamlarni manipulyatsiya usullari haqida oldindan ogohlantirish bilan ham muvaffaqiyatga erishgan, bu yolg‘on ma’lumotlarga qarshi vaksina kabi ishlaydiganga o‘xshaydi.
Ultimately, a healthy society needs a balance: enough scepticism to question those in power, but enough trust in evidence and expertise to tell the difference between a real scandal and an attractive story.
Oxir-oqibat, sog‘lom jamiyatga muvozanat kerak: hokimiyatdagilarni so‘roq qilish uchun yetarli shubha, lekin haqiqiy janjalni jozibali hikoyadan ajrata olish uchun dalillar va mutaxassislikka yetarli ishonch.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the main aim of the article?
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2 When are people more likely to believe in a conspiracy?
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3 Why might believing in a conspiracy feel less frightening?
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4 Why is it hard for people to abandon a conspiracy belief?
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5 What do experts say about mocking believers?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 Online communities can give believers a sense of belonging.
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2 Young people believe in more conspiracy theories than older people.
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3 Most conspiracy theories cannot be disproved.
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4 Prebunking has been introduced in all schools.
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5 People who feel anxious are more likely to believe conspiracy theories.
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6 The writer says no conspiracy has ever been real.
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7 Around half of people in many countries believe at least one conspiracy theory.
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8 Experts recommend avoiding any discussion with believers.
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9 Conspiracy theories first appeared with the internet.
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10 Real conspiracies are usually uncovered through evidence.
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11 The writer once believed a conspiracy theory.
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12 The writer thinks a healthy society needs some scepticism.
So‘zni ma’nosi bilan juftlang
Chapdan so‘zni, o‘ngdan uning ma’nosini tanlang. Hammasi juftlansa, natija chiqadi.