The Disappearing Night Sky
Yo‘qolib borayotgan tungi osmon
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Sun’iy yorug‘lik tufayli yulduzli osmonning yo‘qolishi va uning oqibatlari haqida.
Kalit so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlar matnda uchraydi va matnda ajratib ko‘rsatiladi. Bosing — talaffuzini eshitasiz.
⏱ O‘qish boshlanganda vaqt o‘lchanadi — oxirida tezligingizni ko‘rasiz.
👆 Istalgan so‘zni bosing — tarjimasi yoki lug‘atga havola chiqadi.
For almost all of human history, people looked up at night and saw thousands of stars and the bright band of the Milky Way stretching across the sky. Today, more than a third of the world’s population, and around eighty percent of people in Europe and North America, can no longer see the Milky Way from where they live. The reason is light pollution: the excessive and badly directed artificial light that now covers much of the planet.
Insoniyat tarixining deyarli barcha davrida odamlar kechasi osmonga qarab minglab yulduzlarni va osmon bo‘ylab cho‘zilgan Somon yo‘lining yorqin yo‘lagini ko‘rgan. Bugun dunyo aholisining uchdan biridan ko‘prog‘i, Yevropa va Shimoliy Amerikadagi odamlarning esa taxminan sakson foizi yashaydigan joyidan Somon yo‘lini endi ko‘ra olmaydi. Buning sababi yorug‘lik ifloslanishi: hozir sayyoramizning katta qismini qoplagan ortiqcha va noto‘g‘ri yo‘naltirilgan sun’iy yorug‘lik.
Light pollution takes several forms. “Skyglow” is the orange or white glow that hangs over cities and can be seen from more than a hundred kilometres away. “Glare” is excessive brightness that makes it harder to see, for example from badly designed street lamps or car headlights. “Light trespass” occurs when light falls where it is not wanted, such as a security light shining through a bedroom window. Much of this light is simply wasted, shining upwards into the sky instead of down onto the streets where it is needed.
Yorug‘lik ifloslanishi bir necha shaklda bo‘ladi. “Osmon nuri” — bu shaharlar ustida osilib turadigan va yuz kilometrdan ham uzoqroqdan ko‘rinadigan to‘q sariq yoki oq nur. “Ko‘zni qamashtirish” — masalan, yomon loyihalangan ko‘cha chiroqlari yoki avtomobil faralaridan chiqadigan, ko‘rishni qiyinlashtiradigan ortiqcha yorqinlik. “Yorug‘likning bostirib kirishi” yorug‘lik kerak bo‘lmagan joyga tushganda, masalan, qo‘riqlash chirog‘i yotoqxona derazasidan tushganda sodir bo‘ladi. Bu yorug‘likning katta qismi shunchaki isrof bo‘ladi: kerakli ko‘chalarga emas, osmonga qarab yonadi.
The effects go far beyond astronomy. Many animals depend on natural patterns of light and darkness. Newly hatched sea turtles find their way to the ocean by heading towards the brightest horizon, which on a natural beach is the moonlight reflected on the water; on beaches near hotels and roads, they often crawl inland towards artificial lights and die. Migrating birds, which navigate partly by the stars, can become disoriented by brightly lit buildings, and it is estimated that hundreds of millions of birds die every year in collisions with buildings, many of them at night.
Ta’siri astronomiyadan ancha kengroq. Ko‘plab hayvonlar yorug‘lik va qorong‘ilikning tabiiy almashinuviga bog‘liq. Tuxumdan endigina chiqqan dengiz toshbaqalari okeanga eng yorqin ufq tomon yurib yo‘l topadi, tabiiy sohilda bu suvda aks etgan oy nuri bo‘ladi; mehmonxona va yo‘llar yaqinidagi sohillarda esa ular ko‘pincha sun’iy chiroqlar tomon quruqlik ichkarisiga emaklab ketib, nobud bo‘ladi. Qisman yulduzlarga qarab yo‘l topadigan ko‘chmanchi qushlar yorqin yoritilgan binolar tufayli adashib qolishi mumkin va har yili yuzlab million qushlar binolarga urilib halok bo‘ladi, deb taxmin qilinadi, ularning ko‘pchiligi kechasi.
Humans are affected too. Our bodies have an internal clock that is regulated by light. Exposure to bright light at night, especially the blue-rich light from LED lamps and screens, suppresses the production of melatonin, a hormone that helps us sleep. Long-term disruption of this natural rhythm has been linked to sleep disorders, obesity and other health problems, although scientists are still investigating how strong these links are.
Odamlar ham ta’sirlanadi. Tanamizda yorug‘lik bilan boshqariladigan ichki soat bor. Kechasi yorqin yorug‘likka, ayniqsa LED chiroqlar va ekranlardan chiqadigan ko‘k rangga boy yorug‘likka duchor bo‘lish uyquga yordam beradigan melatonin gormoni ishlab chiqarilishini bostiradi. Bu tabiiy ritmning uzoq muddatli buzilishi uyqu buzilishlari, semizlik va boshqa sog‘liq muammolari bilan bog‘langan, garchi olimlar bu bog‘liqliklar qanchalik kuchli ekanini hali ham tadqiq qilayotgan bo‘lsa ham.
Ironically, the switch to energy-efficient LED lighting, which was intended partly to help the environment, has in some places made light pollution worse. Because LEDs are cheap to run, many cities have installed more lights and made them brighter, and satellite measurements suggest that the area of the Earth that is artificially lit at night has been growing by around two percent per year.
Kinoyali tomoni shundaki, qisman atrof-muhitga yordam berish uchun mo‘ljallangan energiya tejamkor LED yoritishga o‘tish ba’zi joylarda yorug‘lik ifloslanishini yanada kuchaytirdi. LED chiroqlarni ishlatish arzon bo‘lgani uchun ko‘plab shaharlar ko‘proq chiroq o‘rnatdi va ularni yorqinroq qildi, sun’iy yo‘ldosh o‘lchovlari esa Yerning kechasi sun’iy yoritiladigan maydoni yiliga taxminan ikki foizga o‘sib borayotganini ko‘rsatadi.
The good news is that light pollution is one of the easiest forms of pollution to fix. Unlike plastic in the oceans or chemicals in the soil, it disappears the moment the lights are switched off. Simple measures can make a huge difference: using shielded lamps that point downwards, choosing warmer colours of light, dimming or switching off lights late at night, and using motion sensors so that lights are on only when needed. Several towns around the world have been certified as “dark sky communities” after adopting such rules, and some now attract tourists who come specifically to see the stars.
Yaxshi tomoni shundaki, yorug‘lik ifloslanishi tuzatish eng oson ifloslanish turlaridan biri. Okeanlardagi plastik yoki tuproqdagi kimyoviy moddalardan farqli o‘laroq, u chiroqlar o‘chirilishi bilanoq yo‘qoladi. Oddiy choralar katta farq qilishi mumkin: pastga qaratilgan to‘siqli chiroqlardan foydalanish, iliqroq rangdagi yorug‘likni tanlash, kechasi kech chiroqlarni xiralashtirish yoki o‘chirish va chiroqlar faqat kerak bo‘lganda yonishi uchun harakat sensorlaridan foydalanish. Dunyodagi bir qancha shaharchalar bunday qoidalarni qabul qilgach “qorong‘i osmon jamoalari” sifatida sertifikatlangan va ba’zilari endi aynan yulduzlarni ko‘rish uchun keladigan sayyohlarni jalb qilmoqda.
The night sky has inspired art, religion, navigation and science for thousands of years. Protecting it does not require us to live in darkness, only to use light more thoughtfully.
Tungi osmon ming yillar davomida san’at, din, dengizchilik va fanni ilhomlantirib kelgan. Uni himoya qilish bizdan qorong‘ilikda yashashni emas, faqat yorug‘likdan o‘ylab foydalanishni talab qiladi.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the main message of the article?
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2 What is “skyglow”?
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3 Why do baby sea turtles sometimes die near hotels?
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4 How has the switch to LEDs affected light pollution in some places?
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5 Why is light pollution described as easy to fix?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 Some dark sky communities attract tourists.
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2 Around eighty percent of people in Europe and North America cannot see the Milky Way from home.
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3 Sea turtles are the animals most affected by light pollution.
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4 Blue-rich light can reduce melatonin production.
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5 Scientists are still studying how strong the health links are.
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6 Migrating birds partly use the stars to navigate.
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7 The lit area of the Earth at night is getting smaller each year.
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8 Skyglow can only be seen from inside a city.
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9 There is a dark sky community in Uzbekistan.
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10 Melatonin tablets can solve the problems caused by light at night.
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11 All bird collisions with buildings happen during the day.
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12 Much artificial light is wasted by shining upwards.
So‘zni ma’nosi bilan juftlang
Chapdan so‘zni, o‘ngdan uning ma’nosini tanlang. Hammasi juftlansa, natija chiqadi.