The Problem of Food Waste
Oziq-ovqat isrofi muammosi
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Dunyoda oziq-ovqat nega isrof bo‘lishi va buni qanday kamaytirish mumkin.
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Around a third of all the food produced in the world is never eaten. It is lost on farms, damaged during transport, thrown away by shops or scraped from plates into the bin at home. According to the United Nations, this amounts to well over a billion tonnes every year, at a time when hundreds of millions of people do not have enough to eat.
Dunyoda ishlab chiqariladigan barcha oziq-ovqatning taxminan uchdan bir qismi hech qachon iste’mol qilinmaydi. U fermalarda yo‘qoladi, tashish paytida buziladi, do‘konlar tomonidan tashlab yuboriladi yoki uyda likopchalardan qirib chelakka tashlanadi. Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotiga ko‘ra, bu har yili bir milliard tonnadan ancha ko‘pni tashkil etadi, holbuki yuzlab million odamlar yetarli ovqatga ega emas.
The causes of food waste vary greatly between countries. In poorer nations, most food is lost early in the supply chain, before it ever reaches the consumer. Farmers may lack proper storage facilities, so grain is eaten by insects or spoiled by damp, and fruit and vegetables rot because there are no refrigerated lorries to take them to market. In wealthier countries, by contrast, the largest share of waste happens at the end of the chain: in supermarkets, restaurants and, above all, in people’s homes.
Oziq-ovqat isrofining sabablari mamlakatlar o‘rtasida juda farq qiladi. Kambag‘alroq davlatlarda oziq-ovqatning ko‘p qismi ta’minot zanjirining boshida, iste’molchiga yetib bormasdan oldin yo‘qoladi. Fermerlarda tegishli saqlash joylari bo‘lmasligi mumkin, shuning uchun donni hasharotlar yeydi yoki namlik buzadi, meva va sabzavotlar esa ularni bozorga olib boradigan muzlatgichli yuk mashinalari yo‘qligi sababli chiriydi. Boyroq mamlakatlarda esa, aksincha, isrofning eng katta qismi zanjirning oxirida sodir bo‘ladi: supermarketlarda, restoranlarda va eng avvalo odamlarning uylarida.
Supermarkets play a significant role. Many reject fruit and vegetables that are the wrong shape or size, even though they are perfectly good to eat, because they believe customers will not buy them. Special offers such as “buy one, get one free” encourage people to buy more than they need. And confusing date labels lead many households to throw away food that is still safe. In many countries, a “best before” date indicates only that the quality may decline after that day, not that the food has become dangerous, yet surveys show that many people do not understand the difference.
Supermarketlar muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Ko‘plari iste’mol qilish uchun mutlaqo yaroqli bo‘lsa ham, shakli yoki o‘lchami noto‘g‘ri bo‘lgan meva va sabzavotlarni xaridorlar sotib olmaydi, deb rad etadi. “Bittasini olsangiz, ikkinchisi tekin” kabi maxsus takliflar odamlarni kerakligidan ko‘proq sotib olishga undaydi. Chalkash sana yorliqlari esa ko‘plab xonadonlarni hali xavfsiz bo‘lgan ovqatni tashlab yuborishga olib keladi. Ko‘p mamlakatlarda “... gacha iste’mol qilish tavsiya etiladi” sanasi faqat shu kundan keyin sifat pasayishi mumkinligini bildiradi, ovqat xavfli bo‘lib qolganini emas, lekin so‘rovlar ko‘p odamlar bu farqni tushunmasligini ko‘rsatadi.
Food waste is not only a moral issue but also an environmental one. When we throw food away, we also waste all the water, land, energy and fuel that were used to produce and transport it. Moreover, food that ends up in landfill sites rots and releases methane, a greenhouse gas that is far more powerful than carbon dioxide. Some researchers estimate that if food waste were a country, it would be the third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the world, after China and the United States.
Oziq-ovqat isrofi nafaqat axloqiy, balki ekologik muammo hamdir. Ovqatni tashlab yuborganimizda, uni ishlab chiqarish va tashish uchun sarflangan barcha suv, yer, energiya va yoqilg‘ini ham isrof qilamiz. Bundan tashqari, chiqindixonalarga tushgan ovqat chiriydi va karbonat angidriddan ancha kuchliroq issiqxona gazi bo‘lgan metan ajratadi. Ba’zi tadqiqotchilarning hisobiga ko‘ra, agar oziq-ovqat isrofi mamlakat bo‘lganida, u Xitoy va Qo‘shma Shtatlardan keyin dunyodagi uchinchi eng yirik issiqxona gazlari chiqaruvchisi bo‘lardi.
There are encouraging signs, however. France became the first country to ban large supermarkets from destroying unsold food, requiring them instead to donate it to charities. In South Korea, households pay for food waste collection according to the weight of what they throw away, which has led to a dramatic reduction. Mobile apps now allow restaurants and bakeries to sell surplus food cheaply at the end of the day, and some supermarkets have started selling “ugly” vegetables at a discount.
Biroq umid beruvchi belgilar ham bor. Fransiya yirik supermarketlarga sotilmagan oziq-ovqatni yo‘q qilishni taqiqlagan va buning o‘rniga ularni xayriya tashkilotlariga berishni talab qilgan birinchi mamlakat bo‘ldi. Janubiy Koreyada xonadonlar oziq-ovqat chiqindisini yig‘ish uchun tashlab yuboradigan narsalarining og‘irligiga qarab to‘laydi, bu esa keskin kamayishga olib kelgan. Mobil ilovalar endi restoran va novvoyxonalarga kun oxirida ortiqcha ovqatni arzon sotish imkonini beradi, ba’zi supermarketlar esa “xunuk” sabzavotlarni chegirma bilan sota boshlagan.
Individuals can make a difference too. Planning meals before shopping, storing food correctly, using leftovers creatively and freezing what cannot be eaten immediately can all reduce waste significantly. In many traditional cultures, including in Uzbekistan, wasting bread is considered deeply disrespectful, and older generations often have practical knowledge about preserving food that younger people have forgotten.
Shaxslar ham o‘zgarish qila oladi. Xarid qilishdan oldin taomlarni rejalashtirish, ovqatni to‘g‘ri saqlash, qoldiqlardan ijodiy foydalanish va darhol yeb bo‘lmaydigan narsalarni muzlatish isrofni sezilarli darajada kamaytirishi mumkin. Ko‘plab an’anaviy madaniyatlarda, jumladan O‘zbekistonda, nonni isrof qilish o‘ta hurmatsizlik hisoblanadi va keksa avlod ko‘pincha yoshlar unutib qo‘ygan oziq-ovqatni saqlash bo‘yicha amaliy bilimlarga ega.
Reducing food waste will not solve world hunger on its own, since hunger is mainly caused by poverty and conflict rather than by a shortage of food. But it is one of the simplest ways for all of us to save money, protect the environment and show respect for the resources on which we all depend.
Oziq-ovqat isrofini kamaytirish o‘z-o‘zidan dunyodagi ochlikni hal qilmaydi, chunki ochlik asosan oziq-ovqat yetishmasligi emas, balki qashshoqlik va mojarolar tufayli kelib chiqadi. Lekin bu hammamiz uchun pul tejash, atrof-muhitni himoya qilish va barchamiz bog‘liq bo‘lgan resurslarga hurmat ko‘rsatishning eng oddiy usullaridan biridir.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the main purpose of the article?
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2 Where is most food lost in poorer countries?
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3 Why do supermarkets reject some fruit and vegetables?
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4 What does a “best before” date mean in many countries?
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5 What happened in South Korea?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 The writer believes reducing food waste will end world hunger.
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2 According to some researchers, food waste produces more greenhouse gases than China.
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3 French supermarkets have to pay a tax on wasted food.
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4 Special offers can encourage people to buy too much.
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5 Some apps let bakeries sell extra food cheaply.
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6 Methane is a more powerful greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.
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7 France was the first country to ban supermarkets from destroying unsold food.
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8 About one third of the world’s food is never eaten.
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9 According to the article, hunger is mainly caused by poverty and conflict.
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10 In wealthier countries, most food is wasted on farms.
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11 Most supermarkets in Uzbekistan sell “ugly” vegetables.
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12 Freezing food reduces its nutritional value.
So‘zni ma’nosi bilan juftlang
Chapdan so‘zni, o‘ngdan uning ma’nosini tanlang. Hammasi juftlansa, natija chiqadi.