The Secret Life of Octopuses
Sakkizoyoqlarning sirli hayoti
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Sakkizoyoqlarning g‘ayrioddiy aql-zakovati va tanasining sirlari haqida.
Kalit so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlar matnda uchraydi va matnda ajratib ko‘rsatiladi. Bosing — talaffuzini eshitasiz.
⏱ O‘qish boshlanganda vaqt o‘lchanadi — oxirida tezligingizni ko‘rasiz.
👆 Istalgan so‘zni bosing — tarjimasi yoki lug‘atga havola chiqadi.
If you were asked to name an intelligent animal, you would probably think of a chimpanzee, a dolphin or perhaps a crow. Few people would mention the octopus. Yet this soft-bodied creature, a relative of the snail, is now considered by many scientists to be one of the most intelligent invertebrates on the planet, and its intelligence appears to have evolved completely independently of our own.
Agar sizdan aqlli hayvonni aytishni so‘rashsa, ehtimol shimpanze, delfin yoki qarg‘ani o‘ylardingiz. Kam odam sakkizoyoqni tilga olardi. Biroq shilliqqurtning qarindoshi bo‘lgan bu yumshoq tanali jonzot hozir ko‘plab olimlar tomonidan sayyoradagi eng aqlli umurtqasiz hayvonlardan biri hisoblanadi va uning aql-zakovati biznikidan butunlay mustaqil ravishda rivojlangan ko‘rinadi.
The octopus’s body is unlike anything else in the animal kingdom. It has three hearts, blue blood and no bones at all, which allows it to squeeze through any gap larger than its beak, the only hard part of its body. Its nervous system is equally unusual. An octopus has around five hundred million neurons, similar to a dog, but about two-thirds of them are located not in its head but in its eight arms. Each arm can taste, touch and even make simple decisions on its own.
Sakkizoyoqning tanasi hayvonot olamidagi boshqa hech narsaga o‘xshamaydi. Uning uchta yuragi, ko‘k qoni bor va umuman suyagi yo‘q, bu esa unga tanasining yagona qattiq qismi bo‘lgan tumshug‘idan kattaroq har qanday tirqishdan sirg‘alib o‘tish imkonini beradi. Uning asab tizimi ham xuddi shunday g‘ayrioddiy. Sakkizoyoqda taxminan besh yuz million neyron bor, bu itnikiga o‘xshash, lekin ularning taxminan uchdan ikki qismi boshida emas, balki sakkizta qo‘lida joylashgan. Har bir qo‘l o‘zicha ta’m bila oladi, ushlab ko‘ra oladi va hatto oddiy qarorlar qabul qila oladi.
Octopuses have shown remarkable problem-solving abilities in laboratories. They can open screw-top jars to reach food inside, find their way through mazes and learn by watching other octopuses. Some aquariums have reported octopuses escaping from their tanks at night, visiting neighbouring tanks to eat the fish, and then returning to their own tank before morning. One octopus in a German aquarium became famous for repeatedly squirting water at a light that annoyed it, causing the electricity to short-circuit.
Sakkizoyoqlar laboratoriyalarda masalalarni yechishda ajoyib qobiliyatlarini ko‘rsatgan. Ular ichidagi ovqatga yetish uchun burama qopqoqli bankalarni ocha oladi, labirintlardan yo‘l topa oladi va boshqa sakkizoyoqlarni kuzatib o‘rgana oladi. Ba’zi akvariumlar sakkizoyoqlarning kechasi idishlaridan qochib, qo‘shni idishlarga borib baliqlarni yegani va ertalabgacha o‘z idishiga qaytgani haqida xabar bergan. Germaniyadagi akvariumdagi bir sakkizoyoq o‘zini bezovta qilgan chiroqqa qayta-qayta suv sachratib, elektr tarmog‘ida qisqa tutashuvga sabab bo‘lgani bilan mashhur bo‘lgan.
Perhaps their most astonishing skill is camouflage. Using special cells in their skin, octopuses can change both the colour and the texture of their bodies in a fraction of a second, matching rocks, sand or coral almost perfectly. The mimic octopus, discovered in Indonesia in the late 1990s, goes even further: it can imitate the shape and movement of other animals, including poisonous lionfish and sea snakes, to frighten away predators. Strangely, octopuses appear to be colour-blind, and scientists are still not sure how they manage to match colours so accurately.
Ehtimol, ularning eng hayratlanarli mahorati — niqoblanish. Terisidagi maxsus hujayralar yordamida sakkizoyoqlar soniyaning bir ulushida tanasining ham rangini, ham tuzilishini o‘zgartirib, toshlar, qum yoki marjonga deyarli mukammal moslasha oladi. 1990-yillarning oxirida Indoneziyada topilgan taqlidchi sakkizoyoq bundan ham uzoqqa boradi: u yirtqichlarni qo‘rqitish uchun zaharli sher-baliq va dengiz ilonlari kabi boshqa hayvonlarning shakli va harakatiga taqlid qila oladi. G‘alati tomoni shundaki, sakkizoyoqlar rangni ajrata olmaydi shekilli va olimlar ular ranglarni qanday qilib bunchalik aniq moslashtirishini hali ham aniq bilishmaydi.
All of this is even more surprising given how short their lives are. Most species of octopus live for only one or two years. They usually live alone, and the mother dies soon after her eggs hatch, so young octopuses never learn from their parents. Scientists find it puzzling that such a short-lived, solitary animal should have developed such a powerful brain, since intelligence is usually linked to long lives and complex social groups.
Ularning umri qanchalik qisqaligini hisobga olsak, bularning barchasi yanada ajablanarli. Sakkizoyoqlarning ko‘p turlari atigi bir-ikki yil yashaydi. Ular odatda yolg‘iz yashaydi va ona tuxumlardan bolalar chiqqanidan keyin tezda nobud bo‘ladi, shuning uchun yosh sakkizoyoqlar hech qachon ota-onasidan o‘rganmaydi. Olimlar bunday qisqa umrli, yolg‘iz hayvonning bunchalik kuchli miyani rivojlantirganini jumboq deb bilishadi, chunki aql-zakovat odatda uzoq umr va murakkab ijtimoiy guruhlar bilan bog‘liq.
The growing understanding of octopus intelligence has raised ethical questions. In 2021, a government-commissioned review in the United Kingdom concluded that octopuses can feel pain and should be protected by animal welfare laws. This has led to debate about plans to farm octopuses for food on a large scale, which many scientists believe would cause serious suffering to such curious and active animals.
Sakkizoyoqlarning aql-zakovatini tobora chuqurroq tushunish axloqiy savollarni keltirib chiqardi. 2021-yilda Birlashgan Qirollikda hukumat buyurtmasi bilan o‘tkazilgan tekshiruv sakkizoyoqlar og‘riqni his qila olishi va hayvonlar farovonligi to‘g‘risidagi qonunlar bilan himoyalanishi kerak degan xulosaga kelgan. Bu sakkizoyoqlarni oziq-ovqat uchun keng miqyosda yetishtirish rejalari haqida bahslarga sabab bo‘ldi, ko‘plab olimlar buni shunday qiziquvchan va faol hayvonlarga jiddiy azob keltiradi deb hisoblashadi.
Studying the octopus may also help us understand intelligence itself. Because its mind evolved along such a different path from ours, it offers a glimpse of what an alien intelligence might be like, one that is spread throughout the body rather than concentrated in a single brain.
Sakkizoyoqni o‘rganish bizga aql-zakovatning o‘zini tushunishga ham yordam berishi mumkin. Uning ongi biznikidan butunlay boshqa yo‘l bilan rivojlangani sababli, u begona aql qanday bo‘lishi mumkinligini ko‘rsatadi: bitta miyada to‘planmagan, balki butun tanaga tarqalgan aql.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the main idea of the article?
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2 Why can an octopus squeeze through small gaps?
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3 Where are most of an octopus’s neurons?
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4 What can the mimic octopus do?
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5 Why do scientists find octopus intelligence puzzling?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 Octopus farming is already common in Europe.
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2 The mimic octopus was discovered in Indonesia.
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3 A UK review concluded that octopuses can feel pain.
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4 Octopuses can learn by watching other octopuses.
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5 Some octopuses have escaped from their tanks at night.
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6 The octopus has one heart.
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7 An octopus has more neurons than a human.
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8 Scientists fully understand how octopuses match colours.
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9 The German aquarium decided to release its octopus.
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10 An octopus’s beak is the only hard part of its body.
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11 Young octopuses learn hunting skills from their mothers.
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12 The octopus is related to the snail.
So‘zni ma’nosi bilan juftlang
Chapdan so‘zni, o‘ngdan uning ma’nosini tanlang. Hammasi juftlansa, natija chiqadi.