Do We Still Need Zoos?
Bizga hali ham hayvonot bog‘lari kerakmi?
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Hayvonot bog‘larining foydasi va zarari haqida ikki tomonlama esse.
Kalit so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlar matnda uchraydi va matnda ajratib ko‘rsatiladi. Bosing — talaffuzini eshitasiz.
⏱ O‘qish boshlanganda vaqt o‘lchanadi — oxirida tezligingizni ko‘rasiz.
👆 Istalgan so‘zni bosing — tarjimasi yoki lug‘atga havola chiqadi.
Every year, hundreds of millions of people around the world visit zoos. For many children, a trip to the zoo is their first chance to see an elephant, a lion or a giraffe in real life rather than on a screen. Yet in recent decades, zoos have faced growing criticism, and some campaigners argue that keeping wild animals in captivity can no longer be justified. Do zoos still have a place in the modern world, or are they a relic of the past?
Har yili butun dunyoda yuzlab million odamlar hayvonot bog‘lariga tashrif buyuradi. Ko‘plab bolalar uchun hayvonot bog‘iga sayohat filni, sherni yoki jirafani ekranda emas, balki haqiqiy hayotda ko‘rishning birinchi imkoniyatidir. Biroq so‘nggi o‘n yilliklarda hayvonot bog‘lari ortib borayotgan tanqidga uchradi va ba’zi faollar yovvoyi hayvonlarni asirlikda saqlashni endi oqlab bo‘lmaydi, deb ta’kidlashadi. Hayvonot bog‘larining zamonaviy dunyoda o‘rni bormi yoki ular o‘tmish qoldig‘imi?
The case against zoos begins with the welfare of the animals. Even the best enclosures are tiny compared with the territories that many species occupy in the wild. A polar bear, for example, may roam over thousands of square kilometres, while an elephant herd can walk dozens of kilometres in a single day. In captivity, some animals develop repetitive behaviours, such as pacing up and down or swaying from side to side, which scientists regard as signs of stress and boredom.
Hayvonot bog‘lariga qarshi dalillar hayvonlarning farovonligidan boshlanadi. Hatto eng yaxshi qo‘ralar ham ko‘plab turlarning tabiatda egallaydigan hududlariga qaraganda juda kichik. Masalan, oq ayiq minglab kvadrat kilometr hududda kezishi mumkin, fillar podasi esa bir kunda o‘nlab kilometr yurishi mumkin. Asirlikda ba’zi hayvonlarda u yoqdan bu yoqqa yurish yoki yonma-yon chayqalish kabi takroriy xatti-harakatlar paydo bo‘ladi, olimlar ularni stress va zerikish belgilari deb biladi.
Critics also question whether zoos really educate visitors. Many people, they argue, spend only a few seconds in front of each enclosure, take a photograph and move on. If the aim is to teach people about animals, high-quality documentaries and virtual reality may now do the job better, and without any animal having to leave its natural habitat.
Tanqidchilar, shuningdek, hayvonot bog‘lari tashrif buyuruvchilarni haqiqatan ham o‘qitadimi, degan savolni berishadi. Ularning ta’kidlashicha, ko‘p odamlar har bir qo‘ra oldida bir necha soniya turib, surat olib, keyingisiga o‘tib ketadi. Agar maqsad odamlarga hayvonlar haqida o‘rgatish bo‘lsa, yuqori sifatli hujjatli filmlar va virtual reallik endi bu ishni yaxshiroq bajarishi mumkin va bunda birorta hayvon o‘z tabiiy yashash muhitini tark etishi shart emas.
Supporters of zoos, however, point to their role in conservation. A number of species, including the Arabian oryx and the Przewalski’s horse, survived only because they were bred in zoos after disappearing from the wild, and they have since been successfully returned to their natural habitats. Modern zoos also fund research and conservation projects in the field, and many share their animals through international breeding programmes designed to keep captive populations genetically healthy.
Biroq hayvonot bog‘lari tarafdorlari ularning tabiatni muhofaza qilishdagi rolini ko‘rsatishadi. Arab oriksi va Prjevalskiy oti kabi bir qator turlar tabiatdan yo‘qolganidan keyin hayvonot bog‘larida ko‘paytirilgani tufayligina omon qolgan va keyinchalik o‘z tabiiy yashash joylariga muvaffaqiyatli qaytarilgan. Zamonaviy hayvonot bog‘lari, shuningdek, tadqiqot va tabiatni muhofaza qilish loyihalarini moliyalashtiradi va ko‘plari asirlikdagi populyatsiyalarni genetik jihatdan sog‘lom saqlashga mo‘ljallangan xalqaro ko‘paytirish dasturlari orqali hayvonlarini almashadi.
They also argue that seeing a living animal creates an emotional connection that no screen can match. A child who has watched a gorilla mother caring for her baby may be far more likely to care about the destruction of the rainforest as an adult. In a world where most people live in cities, zoos may be one of the few places where this connection can still be made.
Ular, shuningdek, tirik hayvonni ko‘rish hech qanday ekran bera olmaydigan hissiy bog‘liqlik yaratishini ta’kidlashadi. Ona gorillaning bolasiga g‘amxo‘rlik qilayotganini ko‘rgan bola katta bo‘lganida tropik o‘rmonlarning yo‘q qilinishiga ko‘proq qayg‘urishi mumkin. Ko‘pchilik odamlar shaharlarda yashaydigan dunyoda hayvonot bog‘lari bu bog‘liqlik hali ham o‘rnatilishi mumkin bo‘lgan kam sonli joylardan biri bo‘lishi mumkin.
In my view, the answer is not to close all zoos, but to change them. There is a great difference between a small roadside zoo with concrete cages and a large, well-funded centre that focuses on conservation and research. Zoos should keep only those species that can live well in captivity, or that genuinely need protection, and they should be strictly regulated and regularly inspected. Animals that need huge territories, such as polar bears and elephants, should perhaps no longer be kept at all.
Menimcha, yechim barcha hayvonot bog‘larini yopish emas, balki ularni o‘zgartirishdir. Beton qafasli yo‘l bo‘yidagi kichik hayvonot bog‘i bilan tabiatni muhofaza qilish va tadqiqotga e’tibor qaratadigan katta, yaxshi moliyalashtirilgan markaz o‘rtasida katta farq bor. Hayvonot bog‘lari faqat asirlikda yaxshi yashay oladigan yoki haqiqatan ham himoyaga muhtoj turlarni saqlashi, ular qat’iy tartibga solinishi va muntazam tekshirilishi kerak. Oq ayiqlar va fillar kabi ulkan hududga muhtoj hayvonlarni, ehtimol, umuman saqlamaslik kerakdir.
The zoo of the future, then, might look very different from the zoo of our childhood: fewer species, much more space, and a clear purpose beyond entertainment. If zoos can make this change, they will deserve their place in the twenty-first century. If they cannot, the critics may well be right.
Demak, kelajak hayvonot bog‘i bolaligimizdagi hayvonot bog‘idan juda boshqacha ko‘rinishi mumkin: kamroq turlar, ancha ko‘proq joy va ko‘ngilocharlikdan tashqari aniq maqsad. Agar hayvonot bog‘lari bu o‘zgarishni amalga oshira olsa, ular yigirma birinchi asrda o‘z o‘rniga loyiq bo‘ladi. Agar qila olmasa, tanqidchilar haq bo‘lib chiqishi mumkin.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the writer’s main conclusion?
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2 What do scientists think repetitive behaviour in zoo animals shows?
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3 What point do critics make about education in zoos?
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4 Why are the Arabian oryx and Przewalski’s horse mentioned?
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5 Which animals does the writer suggest might no longer be kept?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 Supporters say seeing real animals creates an emotional connection.
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2 Most zoo visitors are children.
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3 Roadside zoos are illegal in most countries.
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4 The Arabian oryx has never been returned to the wild.
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5 Hundreds of millions of people visit zoos each year.
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6 The writer thinks all zoos are equally good.
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7 The writer believes zoos should be regularly inspected.
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8 Some zoos take part in international breeding programmes.
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9 Critics believe documentaries might educate people better than zoos.
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10 Elephant herds can walk dozens of kilometres in one day.
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11 The writer says polar bears need only a small territory.
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12 Pacing is most common among big cats.
So‘zni ma’nosi bilan juftlang
Chapdan so‘zni, o‘ngdan uning ma’nosini tanlang. Hammasi juftlansa, natija chiqadi.
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