A Short History of Vaccines
Vaksinalarning qisqacha tarixi
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Chechakdan zamonaviy vaksinalargacha: emlash qanday paydo bo‘lgan va rivojlangan.
Kalit so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlar matnda uchraydi va matnda ajratib ko‘rsatiladi. Bosing — talaffuzini eshitasiz.
⏱ O‘qish boshlanganda vaqt o‘lchanadi — oxirida tezligingizni ko‘rasiz.
👆 Istalgan so‘zni bosing — tarjimasi yoki lug‘atga havola chiqadi.
For most of human history, infectious diseases were the greatest threat to human life. Smallpox alone is estimated to have killed around three hundred million people in the twentieth century before it was finally eradicated. Today, thanks largely to vaccines, many diseases that once filled cemeteries with children are rare in much of the world. The story of how this happened is one of curiosity, courage and a great deal of luck.
Insoniyat tarixining ko‘p qismida yuqumli kasalliklar inson hayotiga eng katta tahdid bo‘lgan. Faqat chechakning o‘zi yigirmanchi asrda butunlay yo‘q qilinishidan oldin taxminan uch yuz million kishini o‘ldirgan, deb hisoblanadi. Bugun, asosan vaksinalar tufayli, bir paytlar qabristonlarni bolalar bilan to‘ldirgan ko‘plab kasalliklar dunyoning katta qismida kamdan-kam uchraydi. Bu qanday sodir bo‘lgani haqidagi hikoya qiziquvchanlik, jasorat va katta omad hikoyasidir.
Long before modern science, people noticed that those who survived smallpox never caught it again. In China, India and parts of Africa and the Ottoman Empire, a practice called variolation developed: material from a smallpox sore was deliberately rubbed into a small cut on a healthy person’s skin. This usually caused a mild illness followed by lifelong protection, although around one or two percent of those treated died.
Zamonaviy fandan ancha oldin odamlar chechakdan omon qolganlar unga boshqa hech qachon chalinmasligini payqashgan. Xitoy, Hindiston, Afrikaning ba’zi qismlari va Usmonli imperiyasida variolyatsiya deb ataladigan amaliyot rivojlangan: chechak yarasidan olingan modda sog‘lom odam terisidagi kichik kesikka ataylab surtilgan. Bu odatda yengil kasallikka, keyin esa umrbod himoyaga olib kelgan, garchi davolanganlarning taxminan bir-ikki foizi vafot etgan bo‘lsa ham.
The decisive step came in 1796. The English doctor Edward Jenner had heard that milkmaids who caught cowpox, a mild disease of cattle, did not seem to get smallpox. To test this idea, he took material from a cowpox sore on the hand of a milkmaid and inserted it into the arm of an eight-year-old boy, James Phipps. Some weeks later, he exposed the boy to smallpox. The boy did not fall ill. The word “vaccine” itself comes from “vacca”, the Latin word for cow.
Hal qiluvchi qadam 1796-yilda qo‘yildi. Ingliz shifokori Edvard Jenner sigir chechagi, ya’ni qoramollarning yengil kasalligiga chalingan sog‘uvchi ayollar chechakka chalinmasligini eshitgan edi. Bu g‘oyani sinash uchun u sog‘uvchi ayolning qo‘lidagi sigir chechagi yarasidan modda olib, sakkiz yoshli bola Jeyms Fippsning qo‘liga kiritdi. Bir necha hafta o‘tgach, u bolani chechakka duchor qildi. Bola kasal bo‘lmadi. “Vaksina” so‘zining o‘zi lotincha sigir degan ma’noni bildiruvchi “vacca” so‘zidan kelib chiqqan.
Jenner did not understand why his method worked; the existence of germs had not yet been proved. That understanding came almost a century later from the French scientist Louis Pasteur, who showed that weakened forms of germs could be used to protect against diseases such as rabies and anthrax. In the twentieth century, vaccines were developed against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio and measles, and childhood deaths fell dramatically.
Jenner o‘z usuli nima uchun ishlashini tushunmagan; mikroblarning mavjudligi hali isbotlanmagan edi. Bu tushuncha deyarli bir asr o‘tib, fransuz olimi Lui Pasterdan keldi: u mikroblarning zaiflashtirilgan shakllaridan quturish va kuydirgi kabi kasalliklardan himoyalanish uchun foydalanish mumkinligini ko‘rsatdi. Yigirmanchi asrda difteriya, qoqshol, ko‘kyo‘tal, poliomielit va qizamiqqa qarshi vaksinalar ishlab chiqildi va bolalar o‘limi keskin kamaydi.
The greatest achievement was the global campaign against smallpox. Led by the World Health Organization, it relied not on vaccinating everyone, but on a clever strategy of finding each new case quickly and vaccinating everyone around it. The last natural case was recorded in Somalia in 1977, and in 1980 smallpox was officially declared eradicated, the first human disease ever to be completely defeated.
Eng katta yutuq chechakka qarshi global kampaniya bo‘ldi. Jahon sog‘liqni saqlash tashkiloti boshchiligidagi bu kampaniya hammani emlashga emas, balki har bir yangi holatni tezda topib, uning atrofidagi barchani emlashdan iborat aqlli strategiyaga tayangan. Oxirgi tabiiy holat 1977-yilda Somalida qayd etilgan va 1980-yilda chechak rasman yo‘q qilingan deb e’lon qilindi — butunlay yengilgan birinchi inson kasalligi.
Vaccine technology has continued to develop. During the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines based on messenger RNA, a technology that scientists had been researching for decades, were developed, tested and approved in less than a year, a process that had previously taken ten years or more. The speed was possible partly because of huge investment and partly because many steps that would normally happen one after another were carried out at the same time.
Vaksina texnologiyasi rivojlanishda davom etmoqda. COVID-19 pandemiyasi davrida olimlar o‘nlab yillar davomida tadqiq qilib kelgan matritsali RNK texnologiyasiga asoslangan vaksinalar bir yildan kamroq vaqt ichida ishlab chiqildi, sinovdan o‘tkazildi va tasdiqlandi, ilgari bu jarayon o‘n yil yoki undan ko‘proq vaqt olgan. Bu tezlik qisman ulkan sarmoya, qisman esa odatda ketma-ket bo‘ladigan ko‘plab bosqichlar bir vaqtda amalga oshirilgani tufayli mumkin bo‘ldi.
Despite their success, vaccines face a new kind of challenge: public trust. In several countries, falling vaccination rates have led to outbreaks of measles, a disease that had almost disappeared. Ironically, vaccines may be victims of their own success: because few parents today have seen the diseases they prevent, it is easier to underestimate the danger.
Muvaffaqiyatiga qaramay, vaksinalar yangi turdagi muammoga duch kelmoqda: jamoatchilik ishonchi. Bir qancha mamlakatlarda emlash darajasining pasayishi deyarli yo‘qolib ketgan qizamiq kasalligining tarqalishiga olib keldi. Kinoyali tomoni shundaki, vaksinalar o‘z muvaffaqiyatining qurboni bo‘lishi mumkin: bugungi kunda kam sonli ota-onalar ular oldini oladigan kasalliklarni ko‘rgani uchun xavfni kamsitish osonroq.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
-
Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the article mainly about?
-
2 What was the main risk of variolation?
-
3 What gave Jenner his idea?
-
4 How was smallpox finally defeated?
-
5 Why might vaccines be “victims of their own success”?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
-
1 The word “vaccine” comes from a Latin word for cow.
-
2 Research on messenger RNA had been going on for decades before COVID-19.
-
3 Polio has also been completely eradicated.
-
4 Smallpox was declared eradicated in 1977.
-
5 The COVID-19 vaccines took more than ten years to develop.
-
6 Louis Pasteur met Edward Jenner.
-
7 Jenner knew that germs caused disease.
-
8 Smallpox killed about three hundred million people in the twentieth century.
-
9 Jenner first tested his idea on an adult.
-
10 The last natural case of smallpox was in Somalia.
-
11 Measles outbreaks have happened in Uzbekistan recently.
-
12 Variolation was practised before modern science.
So‘zni ma’nosi bilan juftlang
Chapdan so‘zni, o‘ngdan uning ma’nosini tanlang. Hammasi juftlansa, natija chiqadi.
Natijangiz
- Tushunish
- —
- So‘zlar
- —
- Tezlik
- —