The Silent Decline of Insects
Hasharotlarning sokin kamayishi
Sarlavha va pastdagi so‘zlarga qarang. Matn nima haqida bo‘lishi mumkin? Bir daqiqa o‘ylab ko‘ring — bu miyani o‘qishga tayyorlaydi.
Hasharotlar sonining keskin kamayishi, uning sabablari va ekotizimlar uchun oqibatlari.
Kalit so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlar matnda uchraydi va matnda ajratib ko‘rsatiladi. Bosing — talaffuzini eshitasiz.
⏱ O‘qish boshlanganda vaqt o‘lchanadi — oxirida tezligingizni ko‘rasiz.
👆 Istalgan so‘zni bosing — tarjimasi yoki lug‘atga havola chiqadi.
Many people who drove long distances in the 1980s and 1990s remember having to stop regularly to scrape dead insects from their windscreens. Today, the same journeys often leave the glass almost clean. This observation, sometimes called the “windscreen phenomenon”, is anecdotal, but it has been echoed by a growing body of scientific evidence suggesting that insect populations in many parts of the world have declined dramatically within a single human lifetime.
1980–1990-yillarda uzoq masofalarga mashina haydagan ko‘plab odamlar old oynadan o‘lgan hasharotlarni qirib tashlash uchun muntazam to‘xtashga majbur bo‘lganini eslashadi. Bugun xuddi shu safarlar ko‘pincha oynani deyarli toza qoldiradi. Ba’zan “old oyna hodisasi” deb ataladigan bu kuzatuv shaxsiy tajribaga asoslangan, lekin u dunyoning ko‘p qismlarida hasharotlar populyatsiyasi bir inson umri davomida keskin kamayganini ko‘rsatadigan tobora ko‘payib borayotgan ilmiy dalillar bilan tasdiqlangan.
The study that brought the issue to international attention was published in 2017 by a group of amateur and professional entomologists in Krefeld, Germany. Using standardised traps in sixty-three nature reserves over twenty-seven years, they found that the total biomass of flying insects had fallen by more than seventy-five percent. What made the finding particularly alarming was that it had occurred in protected areas, places specifically intended to preserve wildlife.
Bu masalani xalqaro e’tiborga olib chiqqan tadqiqot 2017-yilda Germaniyaning Krefeld shahridagi havaskor va professional entomologlar guruhi tomonidan nashr etilgan. Yigirma yetti yil davomida oltmish uchta qo‘riqxonada standart tuzoqlardan foydalanib, ular uchuvchi hasharotlarning umumiy biomassasi yetmish besh foizdan ko‘proqqa kamayganini aniqlashgan. Topilmani ayniqsa tashvishli qilgan narsa shu ediki, bu yovvoyi tabiatni saqlash uchun maxsus mo‘ljallangan qo‘riqlanadigan hududlarda sodir bo‘lgan.
It is important not to overstate the case. Insect monitoring has historically been patchy, concentrated in Europe and North America, and some widely shared claims, such as predictions that all insects could vanish within a century, have been criticised by entomologists as unjustified extrapolations from limited data. Some species, particularly those that thrive in disturbed environments, are increasing. Nevertheless, a large analysis published in 2020 confirmed a general decline in land-dwelling insects of roughly nine percent per decade, with considerable variation between regions.
Muammoni bo‘rttirmaslik muhim. Hasharotlarni kuzatish tarixan uzuq-yuluq bo‘lgan, Yevropa va Shimoliy Amerikada to‘plangan va ba’zi keng tarqalgan da’volar, masalan, barcha hasharotlar bir asr ichida yo‘qolib ketishi mumkinligi haqidagi bashoratlar entomologlar tomonidan cheklangan ma’lumotlardan asossiz ekstrapolyatsiya sifatida tanqid qilingan. Ba’zi turlar, ayniqsa buzilgan muhitda yaxshi yashaydiganlari ko‘paymoqda. Shunga qaramay, 2020-yilda nashr etilgan katta tahlil quruqlikda yashovchi hasharotlarning har o‘n yilda taxminan to‘qqiz foizga umumiy kamayishini tasdiqladi, mintaqalar o‘rtasida sezilarli farqlar bilan.
The causes are multiple and interconnected. The most significant is generally considered to be habitat loss, as hedgerows, wetlands and wildflower meadows have given way to intensive agriculture and urban development. Pesticides play a major role; a class of insecticides known as neonicotinoids, which spread through the entire plant including its pollen and nectar, was found to harm bees even at low doses, leading the European Union to ban their outdoor use in 2018. Climate change, light pollution and invasive species add further pressure.
Sabablari ko‘p va o‘zaro bog‘liq. Eng muhimi odatda yashash muhitining yo‘qolishi deb hisoblanadi, chunki butazorlar, botqoqliklar va yovvoyi gulli o‘tloqlar jadal qishloq xo‘jaligi va shahar qurilishiga o‘rin bo‘shatgan. Pestitsidlar katta rol o‘ynaydi; o‘simlikning butun tanasiga, jumladan changi va nektariga tarqaladigan neonikotinoidlar deb nomlanuvchi insektitsidlar sinfi hatto past dozalarda ham asalarilarga zarar yetkazishi aniqlangan va bu Yevropa Ittifoqini 2018-yilda ularni ochiq havoda ishlatishni taqiqlashga olib kelgan. Iqlim o‘zgarishi, yorug‘lik ifloslanishi va invaziv turlar qo‘shimcha bosim qo‘shadi.
The consequences could be profound, because insects underpin terrestrial ecosystems in ways that are easy to overlook. Around three-quarters of the world’s leading food crops benefit to some degree from animal pollination, mostly by insects. Insects decompose dead plants and animals, recycling nutrients into the soil; they control pests; and they form the base of food chains that support birds, bats, amphibians and freshwater fish. Declines in farmland bird populations across Europe have been linked, at least in part, to the loss of the insects on which their chicks depend.
Oqibatlari chuqur bo‘lishi mumkin, chunki hasharotlar quruqlik ekotizimlarini e’tibordan chetda qolishi oson bo‘lgan yo‘llar bilan ushlab turadi. Dunyodagi yetakchi oziq-ovqat ekinlarining taxminan to‘rtdan uch qismi qaysidir darajada hayvonlar, asosan hasharotlar tomonidan changlatishdan foyda ko‘radi. Hasharotlar o‘lgan o‘simlik va hayvonlarni parchalab, oziq moddalarni tuproqqa qaytaradi; ular zararkunandalarni nazorat qiladi; va ular qushlar, ko‘rshapalaklar, amfibiyalar va chuchuk suv baliqlarini boqadigan oziq zanjirlarining asosini tashkil qiladi. Yevropa bo‘ylab dala qushlari populyatsiyasining kamayishi, hech bo‘lmaganda qisman, ularning jo‘jalari bog‘liq bo‘lgan hasharotlarning yo‘qolishi bilan bog‘langan.
Unlike some environmental problems, however, insect decline can be reversed relatively quickly, because many insects reproduce rapidly. Studies have shown that restoring wildflower strips along field margins, reducing pesticide use, leaving areas of land unmown and creating ponds can lead to significant recoveries within a few years. Even small actions by individuals, such as planting native flowers in gardens or on balconies and leaving some corners untidy, can provide valuable refuges.
Biroq ba’zi ekologik muammolardan farqli o‘laroq, hasharotlarning kamayishini nisbatan tez orqaga qaytarish mumkin, chunki ko‘plab hasharotlar tez ko‘payadi. Tadqiqotlar dala chekkalari bo‘ylab yovvoyi gul yo‘laklarini tiklash, pestitsidlardan foydalanishni kamaytirish, yer maydonlarini o‘rilmagan holda qoldirish va hovuzlar yaratish bir necha yil ichida sezilarli tiklanishga olib kelishi mumkinligini ko‘rsatgan. Hatto shaxslarning bog‘larda yoki balkonlarda mahalliy gullar ekish va ba’zi burchaklarni tartibsiz qoldirish kabi kichik harakatlari ham qimmatli boshpana bo‘lishi mumkin.
The biologist E. O. Wilson once remarked that if humanity were to disappear, the world would regenerate to the rich state of balance it was in ten thousand years ago, but if insects were to vanish, the environment would collapse into chaos. The small creatures we so often regard as pests, in other words, may be among the most indispensable inhabitants of the planet.
Biolog E. O. Uilson bir paytlar agar insoniyat yo‘q bo‘lib ketsa, dunyo o‘n ming yil oldingi boy muvozanat holatiga qayta tiklanishini, lekin agar hasharotlar yo‘qolsa, atrof-muhit tartibsizlikka qulashini aytgan edi. Boshqacha aytganda, biz ko‘pincha zararkunanda deb biladigan kichik jonzotlar sayyoraning eng ajralmas aholisi qatorida bo‘lishi mumkin.
Tushundingizmi?
Javob topa olmasangiz, «O‘qish» bosqichiga qaytib, matnga qarang — bu ham mashq.
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Asosiy g‘oya
1 What is the main message of the article?
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2 What made the Krefeld study especially alarming?
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3 What does the writer say about predictions that all insects could vanish within a century?
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4 Why did the EU ban the outdoor use of neonicotinoids?
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5 Why can insect decline be reversed relatively quickly?
True / False / Not Given
True — matnda aynan shunday deyilgan. False — matn aksini aytadi. Not Given — matnda bu haqda ma’lumot yo‘q.
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1 Habitat loss is generally seen as the most significant cause.
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2 The decline of some farmland birds has been linked to insect loss.
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3 The Krefeld study was carried out only by professional scientists.
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4 Neonicotinoids are banned in Uzbekistan.
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5 About three-quarters of leading food crops benefit from animal pollination.
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6 Some insect species are increasing.
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7 E. O. Wilson studied mainly butterflies.
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8 The “windscreen phenomenon” is based on personal observation.
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9 The Krefeld study lasted twenty-seven years.
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10 The Krefeld study also found a decline in insects in Asia.
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11 The 2020 analysis found the same rate of decline in every region.
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12 The writer says individuals can do nothing to help insects.
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