Absolute Clauses

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Mustaqil oborot (absolute clause) — asosiy gapga “yopishgan”, lekin o‘z egasi bor bo‘lak.

Oddiy sifatdosh oborotda (B2) ega ikkala qismda bir xil edi:

• Having finished the work, we went home.Ishni tugatib, uyga ketdik. (we — ikkala qismda)

Mustaqil oborotda esa egalar turlicha:

• The work finished, we went home.Ish tugagach, biz uyga ketdik. (work va we — turli egalar)
• The rain having stopped, we left.Yomg‘ir to‘xtagach, biz ketdik. (rain va we)

Oborotda fe’lning to‘liq shakli yo‘q — faqat -ing yoki 3-shakl (yoki hatto fe’lsiz). Shuning uchun u “mustaqil” — asosiy gapga grammatik jihatdan bog‘lanmagan.

O‘zbekchada bu -gach, -ganda, -ib shakllariga o‘xshaydi, lekin o‘z egasi bilan: Ish tugagach, biz ketdik. Ob-havo imkon bersa, boshlaymiz.

Mustaqil oborotlar adabiy matnlar, ilmiy maqolalar va rasmiy hisobotlarda uchraydi. Ba’zi tayyor iboralar esa kundalik nutqda ham keng ishlatiladi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Mustaqil oborot va sifatdosh oborot farqi.
2. Ot + -ing va ot + 3-shakl.
3. Fe’lsiz oborotlar: tears in her eyes.
4. with + ot + -ing — so‘zlashuvdagi shakli.
5. Tayyor iboralar: all things considered, weather permitting.
6. Tasvir uchun va eng ko‘p xatolar.

Ot + -ing

Oborotda ot (o‘z egasi) + -ing — faol ma’no yoki holat. Ko‘pincha sabab yoki vaqt bildiradi.

• The weather being fine, we went out.Ob-havo yaxshi bo‘lgani uchun tashqariga chiqdik.
• The rain having stopped, we continued our walk.Yomg‘ir to‘xtagach, sayrimizni davom ettirdik.
• There being no bus, we walked home.Avtobus bo‘lmagani uchun uyga piyoda bordik.
• His mother being ill, he stayed at home.Onasi kasal bo‘lgani uchun u uyda qoldi.
• Night falling, we returned to the hotel.Tun tushgach, mehmonxonaga qaytdik.

there being — “... bo‘lmagani uchun / bo‘lgani uchun”: There being no questions, the meeting ended. (Savollar bo‘lmagani uchun yig‘ilish tugadi.)

Ot + 3-shakl

Oborotda ot + 3-shakl (V3) — majhul ma’no yoki tugagan holat.

• The work done, we left.Ish tugagach, ketdik.
• The meeting over, everyone went home.Yig‘ilish tugagach, hamma uyga ketdi.
• Dinner finished, we went for a walk.Kechki ovqatdan keyin sayrga chiqdik.
• All things considered, it was a success.Hammasini hisobga olganda, bu muvaffaqiyat edi.
• The decision made, there was no going back.Qaror qabul qilingach, ortga yo‘l yo‘q edi.

over — bu yerda “tugagan” ma’nosidagi sifat: The meeting (being) over...

Fe’lsiz oborotlar

Ba’zan oborotda fe’l umuman yo‘q — faqat ot + predlog yoki ot + sifat. Ular ko‘pincha tasvir uchun ishlatiladi.

• She stood there, tears in her eyes.U ko‘zlarida yosh bilan turardi.
• He sat quietly, his head in his hands.U jim o‘tirardi, boshi qo‘llari orasida.
• She walked in, a smile on her face.U yuzida tabassum bilan kirib keldi.
• The old man waited, his hat in his hand.Chol shlyapasini qo‘lida ushlab kutib turardi.

with + ot + -ing / V3

with bilan boshlangan oborot so‘zlashuvda ham tabiiy va keng tarqalgan. U sabab yoki holat (vaziyat) bildiradi.

• With the children asleep, we could talk.Bolalar uxlab qolgach, gaplasha oldik.
• With prices rising, life is hard.Narxlar oshayotgan bir paytda hayot qiyin.
• With so many people watching, I felt nervous.Shuncha odam kuzatib turganda, hayajonlandim.
• With the exam finished, we celebrated.Imtihon tugagach, nishonladik.
• She came in with her dog following her.U iti ortidan ergashib kirib keldi.
• With nothing to do, we went home.Qiladigan ish bo‘lmagani uchun uyga ketdik.

Tayyor iboralar

Ba’zi mustaqil oborotlar tayyor iboraga aylangan va kundalik nutqda ham, rasmiy yozuvda ham keng ishlatiladi.

• Weather permitting, we’ll start at 8.Ob-havo imkon bersa, 8 da boshlaymiz.
• That said, we still need more data.Shunday bo‘lsa-da, bizga hali ko‘proq ma’lumot kerak.
• Judging by his face, he’s angry.Yuziga qaraganda, jahli chiqqan.
• Given that it’s late, we should go.Kech bo‘lganini hisobga olib, ketishimiz kerak.
• Generally speaking, people prefer cash.Umuman olganda, odamlar naqd pulni afzal ko‘radi.
• Strictly speaking, a tomato is a fruit.Aniqrog‘i, pomidor — meva.
• Assuming the plane is on time, we’ll arrive at 6.Samolyot vaqtida uchsa, soat 6 da yetib boramiz.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Ikki gapni birlashtiramiz: The work was finished. We went home.

1. Egalar turlichami? work va we — ha, turlicha.
2. Birinchi gapdan fe’lni qisqartiring: was finished → finished.
3. Egasini saqlang: The work finished.
4. Asosiy gapni qo‘shing: we went home.

The sun was setting. We walked along the beach.

1. Egalar turlicha: sun va we.
2. Davom etayotgan → -ing: The sun setting.

Because there was no electricity, we used candles.

1. there was → There being.

So‘zlashuvda: The music was so loud. I couldn’t hear anything.

1. with + ot + sifat.

Tasvir uchun

Adabiy matnda mustaqil oborotlar holatni, ko‘rinishni jonli tasvirlaydi.

• She stood, arms crossed.U qo‘llarini qovushtirib turardi.
• He ran, his coat flying behind him.U paltosi orqasida hilpirab yugurdi.
• The children sat around the fire, their faces glowing.Bolalar gulxan atrofida o‘tirishardi, yuzlari yorishib.
• She left the room, her head held high.U boshini baland ko‘tarib xonadan chiqdi.

Sifatdosh oborotdan farqi

Ega farq qilmasa — bu oddiy sifatdosh oborot: Having finished, I left. Agar sifatdosh oborotda ega mos kelmasa, gap xato bo‘ladi (dangling participle) — shunda mustaqil oborot yoki to‘liq gap ishlatish kerak.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: mustaqil oborotning o‘z egasi bor va u asosiy gap egasidan farq qiladi: ot + -ing / V3. So‘zlashuvda — with + ot + -ing.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Adabiy parcha

The day’s work done, the old farmer sat on the porch, his tired hands resting on his knees. The sun setting behind the mountains, the village grew quiet. His wife having gone to visit their daughter, he was alone. With nothing to do and no one to talk to, he simply watched the stars appear, a cup of green tea in his hand.

Rasmiy hisobot

All things considered, the project has been a success. The first phase completed, we are now ready to begin the second. Given that the budget is limited, we will need to prioritise. Time permitting, we will also review the design. That said, several risks remain.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Birlashtiring: The meeting ended. Everyone went home. → The meeting over / having ended, everyone went home.
2. Birlashtiring: There was no taxi. We walked. → There being no taxi, we walked.
3. with bilan: The children were sleeping. The house was quiet. → With the children sleeping, the house was quiet.
4. Ob-havo imkon bersa, ertaga piknikka boramiz. → Weather permitting, we’ll have a picnic tomorrow.
5. Hammasini hisobga olganda, bu yaxshi kun edi. → All things considered, it was a good day.
6. Uning yuziga qaraganda, u xursand. → Judging by her face, she’s happy.
7. Shunday bo‘lsa-da, biz hali ham kutishimiz kerak. → That said, we still need to wait.
8. Xatoni toping: Being late the train, we missed the meeting. → The train being late, we missed the meeting.

Qisqa xulosa

• Mustaqil oborotning o‘z egasi bor — asosiy gap egasidan farqli.
• Ot + -ing: The weather being fine, we went out.
• Ot + V3: The work done, we left.
• There being + ot: There being no bus, we walked.
• Fe’lsiz: She stood there, tears in her eyes.
• So‘zlashuvda: with + ot + -ing / V3: With prices rising, life is hard.
• Tayyor iboralar: all things considered, weather permitting, that said, judging by, given that.
• Adabiy va rasmiy uslub; tayyor iboralar — hamma joyda.