Formal and Informal English

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Uslub (register) — kiyim kabi. Plyajga kostyumda bormaysiz, rasmiy uchrashuvga shortikda ham bormaysiz. Til ham shunday: boshliqqa bir xil, do‘stga boshqa xil gapirasiz.

Sorry, I can’t come.Kechirasiz, kela olmayman. (norasmiy — do‘stga)
I regret to inform you that I am unable to attend.Afsus bilan ma’lum qilamanki, ishtirok eta olmayman. (rasmiy — rasmiy xat)

O‘zbekchada uslub farqi “Siz” va “sen”, -lar (hurmat ko‘pligi), maxsus so‘zlar (marhamat, iltimos, hurmatli) orqali ko‘rinadi. Inglizchada esa “you” — bitta, shuning uchun farq so‘z tanlash, grammatik tuzilma va qisqartmalar orqali bildiriladi.

Ikkala uslub ham to‘g‘ri — faqat o‘z o‘rnida. Do‘stga “I regret to inform you...” deyish kulgili, rasmiy xatda “Hey, what’s up?” yozish esa qo‘pol.

Xususiyat	Rasmiy	Norasmiy
Qisqartma	I am, do not	I’m, don’t
Frazali fe’l	postpone, investigate	put off, look into
Olmosh	One should, It is advised	You should
Majhul	Mistakes were made	We made mistakes
Predlog	to whom I spoke	who I spoke to
Gap uzunligi	uzun, murakkab	qisqa, oddiy
So‘z kelib chiqishi	lotincha (obtain, require)	inglizcha (get, need)

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

Rasmiy va norasmiy uslub xususiyatlari.
So‘z tanlash: get → obtain, buy → purchase.
Grammatik farqlar: majhul nisbat, qisqartmalar.
Xat yozish: rasmiy va norasmiy.
Iltimos, shikoyat va kechirimni rasmiy qilish.
Akademik yozuv (IELTS) va eng ko‘p xatolar.

Uslublar shkalasi

Uslub — ikki xil emas, balki shkala:

Daraja	Qayerda	Misol
Juda rasmiy	qonun, rasmiy hujjat	The applicant shall submit...
Rasmiy	ish xati, ariza, akademik insho	I would be grateful if you could...
Neytral	yangiliklar, ish e’lonlari	Please send your CV by Friday.
Norasmiy	do‘stga xat, suhbat	Can you send me your CV?
Juda norasmiy	SMS, chat, slang	Send ur CV pls

So‘z tanlash

Rasmiy uslubda lotin yoki fransuz tilidan kelgan uzunroq so‘zlar, norasmiy uslubda esa qisqa inglizcha so‘zlar va frazali fe’llar ishlatiladi.

Norasmiy	Rasmiy
get	obtain, receive
buy	purchase
ask for	request
help	assist
need	require
start	commence
end	conclude
enough	sufficient
a lot of	a considerable number of
about	approximately
but	however
so	therefore
tell	inform
show	demonstrate
try	attempt
find out	discover
put off	postpone
look into	investigate
go up	increase
sorry	I apologise
want	wish, would like

I got your letter. → I received your letter.Xatingizni oldim.
We need more information. → We require further information.Bizga ko‘proq ma’lumot kerak.
Can you help me? → Could you assist me?Menga yordam bera olasizmi?
The meeting starts at 9. → The meeting commences at 9.Yig‘ilish 9 da boshlanadi.
They put off the event. → The event has been postponed.Tadbir keyinga qoldirildi.

Grammatik farqlar

Qisqartmalar

Rasmiy yozuvda qisqartmalar ishlatilmaydi:

I’m sorry I can’t come.(norasmiy)
I am sorry that I cannot attend.(rasmiy)

Majhul nisbat

Rasmiy uslubda majhul nisbat ko‘proq — u shaxssiz va ob’ektiv:

We made a mistake.Biz xato qildik. (norasmiy, shaxsiy)
A mistake was made.Xato yo‘l qo‘yildi. (rasmiy, shaxssiz)
You must pay by Friday.(norasmiy)
Payment must be made by Friday.To‘lov jumagacha amalga oshirilishi kerak. (rasmiy)

Olmoshlar

You should check your answers.Javoblaringizni tekshirishingiz kerak. (norasmiy)
One should check one’s answers.Har kim javoblarini tekshirishi kerak. (juda rasmiy)
It is advisable to check your answers.Javoblarni tekshirish maqsadga muvofiq. (rasmiy)

Predlog o‘rni

Who did you speak to?Kim bilan gaplashdingiz? (norasmiy)
To whom did you speak?Kim bilan gaplashdingiz? (rasmiy)

Xat yozish

Rasmiy xat

Dear Sir or Madam,Hurmatli janob yoki xonim, (ism noma’lum)
Dear Mr Karimov,Hurmatli janob Karimov, (ism ma’lum)
I am writing to enquire about ...... haqida so‘rash uchun yozmoqdaman
I would be grateful if you could ...Agar ... olsangiz, minnatdor bo‘lardim
Please do not hesitate to contact me.Iltimos, men bilan bog‘lanishdan tortinmang.
I look forward to hearing from you.Javobingizni kutaman.
Yours faithfully,Hurmat bilan, (ism noma’lum bo‘lsa)
Yours sincerely,Hurmat bilan, (ism ma’lum bo‘lsa)

Norasmiy xat

Hi Ali,Salom, Ali,
Thanks for your message!Xabaring uchun rahmat!
Just a quick note to say ...Qisqacha aytmoqchi edimki ...
Guess what?Bilasanmi nima bo‘ldi?
Can’t wait to see you!Seni ko‘rishni intiqlik bilan kutyapman!
See you soon! / Take care!Tez orada ko‘rishamiz! / O‘zingni asra!
Love, / Best, / Cheers,(xayrlashuv)

Rasmiy xat tuzilishi

Murojaat: Dear Mr Karimov,
Maqsad: I am writing to ...
Tafsilot: I would like to ...
Iltimos / harakat: I would be grateful if you could ...
Yakun: I look forward to ...
Xayrlashuv: Yours sincerely,

Bosqichma-bosqich

Matn yozishdan oldin uch savol bering:

Kimga yozyapman? Tanish yoki notanish? Do‘st yoki boshliq?
Maqsad nima? Shikoyat, iltimos, xabar, kechirim?
Rasmiylik darajasi qanday?

Keyin o‘zgartiring:

Thanks for your email. → Thank you for your email of 5 May.Xat uchun rahmat.
Can you send me the file? → Could you please send me the file?Faylni yubora olasizmi?
I’m sorry I’m late. → Please accept my apologies for the delay.Kechikkanim uchun uzr.
I need your help. → I would appreciate your assistance.Yordamingiz kerak.
I want to complain about... → I wish to complain about...... haqida shikoyat qilmoqchiman.
Let me know. → Please inform me. / Please let me know.Menga xabar bering.

Elektron xat

Ish xatlari odatda o‘rtacha rasmiy (neytral) — juda rasmiy ham emas, juda erkin ham emas:

Hi Ali,Salom, Ali,
Just checking in about the report.Hisobot haqida so‘ramoqchi edim.
Could you send it by Friday?Uni jumagacha yubora olasizmi?
Thanks,Rahmat,
DilnozaDilnoza

Akademik yozuv (IELTS)

Akademik yozuvda (IELTS Writing Task 2, insho, ilmiy maqola):

qisqartmalar yo‘q: do not (don’t emas);
I think o‘rniga It can be argued that, It is often claimed that;
a lot of o‘rniga many / a considerable number of;
frazali fe’llar o‘rniga bitta so‘z: increase (go up emas);
so‘zlashuv iboralari yo‘q: kids, stuff, a bit, pretty good.

I think kids watch too much TV.(norasmiy)
It can be argued that children spend an excessive amount of time watching television.(akademik)
Lots of people can’t find jobs.(norasmiy)
A significant number of people are unable to find employment.(akademik)

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

✗ ~~Dear Sir, what’s up?~~

✓ Dear Sir, I am writing to ...

Uslubni aralashtirmang.

✗ ~~Dear Mr Smith, ... Yours faithfully,~~

✓ Dear Mr Smith, ... Yours sincerely,

Ism ma’lum bo‘lsa sincerely.

✗ ~~Dear Sir or Madam, ... Yours sincerely,~~

✓ ... Yours faithfully,

Ism noma’lum — faithfully.

✗ ~~I’m writing to complain. (rasmiy xat)~~

✓ I am writing to complain.

Rasmiy yozuvda qisqartma yo‘q.

✗ ~~Hey Mr Karimov!~~

✓ Dear Mr Karimov,

Rasmiy murojaat.

✗ ~~I wanna ask about...~~

✓ I would like to ask about...

wanna — slang.

✗ ~~Thanks a lot for your help, mate! (rasmiy)~~

✓ Thank you very much for your assistance.

Rasmiy minnatdorchilik.

✗ ~~Lots of students think... (insho)~~

✓ Many students believe...

Akademik — many.

Maslahat: IELTS Writing 2 kabi yozma ishlarda qisqartmalar va frazali fe’llardan qoching. Lekin Speaking imtihonida tabiiy, neytral uslubda gapiring.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Bir xabar — ikki uslub

Do‘stga:

Hi Jasur! Sorry I couldn’t make it to your party last night — I was stuck at work till 10. Hope you had a great time! Let’s grab a coffee next week? Cheers, Bobur

Boshliqqa (rasmiy):

Dear Mr Rahimov,

Please accept my apologies for not attending the meeting yesterday. Unfortunately, I was unable to leave the office due to an urgent matter with a client. I would be grateful if you could send me the minutes of the meeting. I look forward to discussing the project with you.

Yours sincerely, Bobur Aliyev

O‘zingizni tekshiring

Rasmiy qiling: I want to ask for a refund. → I would like to request a refund.
Rasmiy qiling: We need more time. → We require additional time.
Rasmiy qiling: They put off the meeting. → The meeting has been postponed.
Norasmiy qiling: I would be grateful if you could assist me. → Can you help me?
Ism noma’lum rasmiy xat qanday tugaydi? → Yours faithfully,
Kechikkanim uchun uzr so‘rayman (rasmiy). → Please accept my apologies for the delay.
Akademik qiling: Lots of kids don’t do sport. → Many children do not take part in sport.
Xatoni toping: Dear Sir or Madam, ... Yours sincerely, Ali → ... Yours faithfully, Ali

Qisqa xulosa

Uslub — vaziyatga mos tanlanadi: rasmiy, neytral, norasmiy.
Rasmiy: qisqartmasiz, uzun so‘zlar (obtain, require, assist), majhul nisbat, murakkab gaplar.
Norasmiy: qisqartmalar, frazali fe’llar (get, put off), qisqa gaplar.
Rasmiy xat: Dear Mr ... → Yours sincerely, Dear Sir or Madam → Yours faithfully.
Rasmiy iboralar: I am writing to..., I would be grateful if..., I look forward to...
Akademik yozuvda: qisqartma yo‘q, frazali fe’l yo‘q, I think o‘rniga It can be argued.
Uslubni aralashtirmang.