Adverbs of Manner
Tarz ravishlari
Bu darsda
Oddiy qilib aytganda
Sifat va ravish — ikki aka-uka. Ular o‘xshash, lekin har birining o‘z vazifasi bor:
- Sifat — “qanday narsa?” deydi va ot bilan do‘st: a slow car (sekin mashina).
- Ravish — “qanday qiladi?” deydi va fe’l bilan do‘st: He drives slowly. (U sekin haydaydi.)
O‘zbekchada ko‘pincha bitta so‘z ikkala vazifani ham bajaradi: “yaxshi odam” va “yaxshi gapiradi”, “tez mashina” va “tez yuguradi”. Inglizchada esa ular farq qiladi: a good person — speaks well, a quick answer — answers quickly.
Shuning uchun inglizcha gapda doim o‘zingizdan so‘rang: bu so‘z otni tasvirlayaptimi yoki harakatni?
Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:
- Tarz ravishi nima va qanday yasaladi.
- -ly qo‘shishning imlo qoidalari.
- Noto‘g‘ri ravishlar: well, fast, hard, late.
- Ravishning gapdagi o‘rni.
- Sifat yoki ravish: be, look, feel dan keyin nima keladi.
- Ma’nosi o‘zgaradigan juftliklar: hard / hardly, late / lately.
Tarz ravishi nima?
Tarz ravishi ish qanday bajarilganini bildiradi. U “qanday?”, “qanday qilib?” savoliga javob beradi.
- She speaks quietly.U sekin (ovozda) gapiradi.
- He drives carefully.U ehtiyotkorlik bilan haydaydi.
- They work hard.Ular qattiq ishlaydi.
- The children played happily.Bolalar xursand o‘ynashdi.
- Please listen carefully.Iltimos, diqqat bilan tinglang.
O‘zbekchada ravishlar ko‘pincha -cha, -lab, bilan orqali yasaladi: sekinlik bilan, ehtiyotkorlik bilan, do‘stona. Inglizchada esa asosan -ly.
-ly qo‘shish qoidalari
| Qoida | Sifat | Ravish |
|---|---|---|
| Ko‘pchilik sifatlar: + ly | slow, quick, careful, quiet | slowly, quickly, carefully, quietly |
| Oxiri -y: y → ily | easy, happy, angry, lucky | easily, happily, angrily, luckily |
| Oxiri -le: e → y | terrible, gentle, simple, possible | terribly, gently, simply, possibly |
| Oxiri -ic: + ally | basic, automatic, dramatic | basically, automatically, dramatically |
| Oxiri -ll: + y | full | fully |
- The test was easy. I passed it easily.Test oson edi. Uni osonlik bilan topshirdim.
- She is a happy child. She smiles happily.U baxtli bola. U baxtiyor jilmayadi.
- The weather was terrible. I slept terribly.Havo dahshatli edi. Juda yomon uxladim.
- He is a careful driver. He drives carefully.U ehtiyotkor haydovchi. U ehtiyotkorlik bilan haydaydi.
Diqqat: -ful bilan tugagan sifatlarda l ikkilanadi: careful → carefully, beautiful → beautifully. Bu oddiy -ly qo‘shish natijasi.
Noto‘g‘ri ravishlar
Ba’zi ravishlar qoidaga bo‘ysunmaydi. Ularni yodlash kerak.
| Sifat | Ravish | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| good | well | She sings well. |
| fast | fast | He runs fast. |
| hard | hard | They work hard. |
| late | late | I got up late. |
| early | early | We left early. |
| straight | straight | Go straight on. |
| daily | daily | The newspaper comes out daily. |
- She speaks English well.U inglizcha yaxshi gapiradi.
- He drives too fast.U juda tez haydaydi.
- I always arrive early.Men doim erta kelaman.
- The train arrived late.Poyezd kechikib keldi.
Fastly, hardly (qattiq ma’nosida), goodly — xato. Fast, hard, well — o‘zgarmaydi.
good va well
Bu eng ko‘p chalkashtiriladigan juftlik:
- She is a good singer.U yaxshi xonanda. (sifat)
- She sings well.U yaxshi kuylaydi. (ravish)
- — How are you? — I’m well, thank you.— Qalaysiz? — Yaxshiman, rahmat. (sog‘liq)
-ly bilan tugaydigan sifatlar
Ba’zi so‘zlar -ly bilan tugaydi, lekin ular sifat, ravish emas: friendly, lovely, lonely, ugly, silly, lively, elderly. Ulardan ravish yasab bo‘lmaydi — in a ... way iborasi ishlatiladi.
- She is very friendly.U juda samimiy. (sifat)
- She smiled in a friendly way.U samimiy jilmaydi. (friendlily emas)
Ravishning gapdagi o‘rni
Tarz ravishi odatda fe’l va to‘ldiruvchidan keyin keladi. Fe’l va to‘ldiruvchi orasiga qo‘yilmaydi.
- He drives his car carefully.U mashinasini ehtiyotkorlik bilan haydaydi.
- She did the work quickly.U ishni tez bajardi.
- I speak English very well.Men inglizchani juda yaxshi gapiraman.
I speak very well English — xato. Ravish fe’l (speak) va to‘ldiruvchi (English) orasiga tushmaydi.
Ba’zan urg‘u uchun ravish fe’ldan oldin yoki gap boshida keladi:
- She quickly closed the door.U eshikni tezda yopdi.
- Slowly, he opened the box.Sekin-asta u qutini ochdi.
Bosqichma-bosqich
Sifat yoki ravish tanlash uchun yonidagi so‘zga qarang.
- Ot bilanmi? → sifat: a careful driver.
- Oddiy fe’l bilanmi? → ravish: He drives carefully.
- to be yoki holat fe’li bilanmi? → sifat: He is careful. It looks good.
to be va holat fe’llari
be, look, feel, taste, smell, sound, seem, become, get fe’llaridan keyin sifat keladi, ravish emas. Chunki bu fe’llar harakatni emas, holatni bildiradi.
- She is a good singer.U yaxshi xonanda. (sifat)
- She sings well.U yaxshi kuylaydi. (ravish)
- The soup tastes bad.Sho‘rvaning ta’mi yomon. (taste + sifat)
- I feel good.O‘zimni yaxshi his qilyapman. (feel + sifat)
- You look tired.Charchagan ko‘rinasiz. (look + sifat)
- That sounds great!Zo‘r eshitilyapti! (sound + sifat)
look ning ikki ma’nosi:
- She looks happy.U xursand ko‘rinadi. (ko‘rinmoq — holat, sifat)
- She looked at me angrily.U menga jahl bilan qaradi. (qaramoq — harakat, ravish)
Misol: “U inglizchani juda yaxshi gapiradi.”
- Fe’l: gapiradi → speaks (harakat).
- Harakatni tasvirlaydi → ravish: well.
- Tartib: fe’l + to‘ldiruvchi + ravish.
Misol: “Bu ovqatning hidi juda yoqimli.”
- Fe’l: hidi ... → smells (holat fe’li).
- Holat fe’lidan keyin → sifat: nice.
Ravishni kuchaytirish
Ravish oldiga very, really, quite, too, so kabi so‘zlar qo‘yilishi mumkin.
- It’s really good.Haqiqatan yaxshi.
- She speaks extremely fast.U juda tez gapiradi.
- He drives too fast.U haddan tashqari tez haydaydi.
- You did it quite well.Buni ancha yaxshi qildingiz.
- She sang so beautifully!U shunchalik chiroyli kuyladi!
Ravishlarni taqqoslash
Ravishlar ham sifatlar kabi taqqoslanadi:
| Ravish | Qiyosiy | Orttirma |
|---|---|---|
| fast | faster | the fastest |
| hard | harder | the hardest |
| early | earlier | the earliest |
| well | better | the best |
| badly | worse | the worst |
| slowly | more slowly | the most slowly |
| carefully | more carefully | the most carefully |
- Can you speak more slowly, please?Sekinroq gapira olasizmi?
- She works harder than anyone.U hammadan qattiqroq ishlaydi.
- Who sings the best in your family?Oilangizda kim eng yaxshi kuylaydi?
Ma’nosi o‘zgaradigan juftliklar
Ba’zi ravishlarda -ly qo‘shilsa, ma’no butunlay o‘zgaradi. Bu juda muhim!
- I work hard.Men qattiq ishlayman.
- I hardly work.Men deyarli ishlamayman.
- He came home late.U uyga kech keldi.
- I haven’t seen him lately.So‘nggi paytlarda uni ko‘rmadim.
- The bird flew high.Qush baland uchdi.
- This film is highly recommended.Bu film juda tavsiya etiladi.
- It’s nearly 10 o’clock.Soat deyarli 10.
Diqqat: hardly “qattiq” emas, balki “deyarli ... emas” degan ma’noni beradi: I hardly know him. — Uni deyarli tanimayman. Bu so‘z o‘zi inkor ma’nosiga ega, shuning uchun not bilan ishlatilmaydi.
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
✗ He runs quick.
✓ He runs quickly.
Fe’lni ravish tasvirlaydi.
✗ I speak very well English.
✓ I speak English very well.
Fe’l va to‘ldiruvchi ajratilmaydi.
✗ She sings good.
✓ She sings well.
Fe’l bilan well.
✗ He drives fastly.
✓ He drives fast.
fast o‘zgarmaydi.
✗ You look tiredly.
✓ You look tired.
look (ko‘rinmoq) + sifat.
✗ The soup tastes well.
✓ The soup tastes good.
taste + sifat.
✗ I work hardly.
✓ I work hard.
hardly — “deyarli emas”.
✗ She smiled friendly.
✓ She smiled in a friendly way.
friendly — sifat.
✗ He did it careful.
✓ He did it carefully.
Harakat — ravish.
✗ I don’t hardly know him.
✓ I hardly know him.
hardly bilan not ishlatilmaydi.
✗ He speaks more fluent than me.
✓ He speaks more fluently than me.
Ravishni taqqoslash.
Eslab qoling: ot yoki be / look / feel bilan — sifat. Harakat fe’li bilan — ravish.
Hayotiy vaziyatlarda
Ish suhbatida
- — How well do you speak English?— Inglizchani qanchalik yaxshi gapirasiz?
- — I speak it quite fluently, and I write well too.— Ancha ravon gapiraman va yaxshi yozaman ham.
- — Can you work quickly under pressure?— Bosim ostida tez ishlay olasizmi?
- — Yes. I always work hard and carefully.— Ha. Men doim qattiq va ehtiyotkorlik bilan ishlayman.
Do‘st haqida
My friend Jahongir is a good driver. He drives carefully and slowly in the city, but on the motorway he goes quite fast. He speaks three languages fluently. He is very friendly and always smiles warmly at everyone. He works hard and he hardly ever complains.
O‘zingizni tekshiring
- quick → quickly; easy → easily; terrible → terribly
- good → well; fast → fast; hard → hard
- She is a ___ (careful) driver. → careful
- She drives ___ (careful). → carefully
- The cake smells ___ (wonderful). → wonderful
- U inglizchani yaxshi gapiradi. → She speaks English well.
- Uni deyarli tanimayman. → I hardly know him.
- Xatoni toping: He plays football very good. → He plays football very well.
Qisqa xulosa
- Sifat ot bilan (a slow car), ravish fe’l bilan (drives slowly).
- Odatda sifat + -ly: slowly, carefully, easily, terribly.
- Noto‘g‘ri: good → well, fast → fast, hard → hard, late → late.
- Ravish fe’l va to‘ldiruvchidan keyin: She speaks English well.
- be, look, feel, taste, smell, sound dan keyin — sifat.
- hardly — deyarli emas, lately — so‘nggi paytlarda, nearly — deyarli.
- friendly, lovely — sifat; ravish uchun in a friendly way.