Modal + have + V3

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Modal + have + 3-shakl — o‘tmishga qaragan modal fe’l. Biz uni ikki vazifada ishlatamiz:

1. Taxmin — o‘tmishda nima bo‘lgan bo‘lishi mumkin? (must have, might have, can’t have)
2. Afsus va tanqid — o‘tmishda nima qilish kerak edi yoki mumkin edi? (should have, could have)

O‘zbekchada bu iboralar -gan bo‘lsa kerak, -gan bo‘lishi mumkin, -ish kerak edi, -a olardi kabi shakllarga to‘g‘ri keladi.

• The ground is wet. It must have rained.Yer ho‘l. Yomg‘ir yog‘gan bo‘lsa kerak. (taxmin)
• I failed. I should have studied.O‘tmadim. O‘qishim kerak edi. (afsus)

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. O‘tmish haqida taxmin: must have, can’t have, may / might have.
2. could have — imkoniyat va tanqid.
3. should have / shouldn’t have — afsus va tanqid.
4. would have — xohish, lekin bo‘lmagan.
5. needn’t have va didn’t need to farqi.
6. Talaffuz va eng ko‘p xatolar.

O‘tmish haqida taxmin

B1 darajasida hozirgi taxminlarni o‘rgandik (He must be tired). Endi o‘tmish haqida — have + V3 qo‘shiladi.

must have — deyarli aniq “ha”

Kuchli dalil bor — biz ishonchimiz komil: “...gan bo‘lsa kerak”.

• The ground is wet. It must have rained.Yer ho‘l. Yomg‘ir yog‘gan bo‘lsa kerak.
• His car isn’t here. He must have left.Mashinasi yo‘q. U ketgan bo‘lsa kerak.
• She looks so happy. She must have passed the exam.U juda xursand ko‘rinadi. Imtihondan o‘tgan bo‘lsa kerak.
• I can’t find my keys. I must have dropped them.Kalitlarimni topa olmayapman. Tushirib yuborgan bo‘lsam kerak.

can’t have / couldn’t have — deyarli aniq “yo‘q”

Dalil aksini ko‘rsatadi: “...gan bo‘lishi mumkin emas”.

• He can’t have passed. He didn’t study.U o‘ta olmagan bo‘lsa kerak. O‘qimagan edi.
• She can’t have said that. She’s too polite.U buni aytgan bo‘lishi mumkin emas. U juda odobli.
• I saw him now. He can’t have left.Hozir ko‘rdim. U ketgan bo‘lishi mumkin emas.
• You couldn’t have seen me. I was in Moscow.Siz meni ko‘rgan bo‘lishingiz mumkin emas. Men Moskvada edim.

must have ning inkori — can’t have, mustn’t have emas!

may have / might have / could have — ehtimol

Aniq bilmaymiz — “balki ...gandir, ...gan bo‘lishi mumkin”.

• I’m not sure. He may have left.Bilmayman. U ketgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
• They might have missed the bus.Balki ular avtobusdan qolgandir.
• She could have taken the wrong road.U noto‘g‘ri yo‘ldan ketgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
• I may not have locked the door.Eshikni qulflamagan bo‘lishim mumkin.

Xulosa uchun tez yo‘l

could have — imkoniyat

could have — o‘tmishda imkoniyat bor edi, lekin u amalga oshmadi. Ko‘pincha yengillik yoki tanqid bildiradi.

• I could have been killed!O‘lib qolishim mumkin edi! (yengillik — o‘lmadim)
• You could have fallen! Be careful!Yiqilib tushishingiz mumkin edi! Ehtiyot bo‘ling!
• We could have won, but we made a mistake.Yutishimiz mumkin edi, lekin xato qildik.
• I could have gone to university, but I chose to work.Universitetga borishim mumkin edi, lekin ishlashni tanladim.

Tanqid: You could have...

You could have + V3 — “...shingiz mumkin edi-ku!” — tanqid yoki norozilik.

• You could have told me!Menga aytishingiz mumkin edi-ku!
• You could have asked for help.Yordam so‘rashingiz mumkin edi.
• He could have called — he had his phone.U qo‘ng‘iroq qilishi mumkin edi — telefoni bor edi.

should have — afsus va tanqid

should have + V3 — “...ishim kerak edi” (lekin qilmadim). shouldn’t have + V3 — “...masligim kerak edi” (lekin qildim).

• I failed. I should have studied.O‘tmadim. O‘qishim kerak edi. (o‘qimaganman)
• I passed. I shouldn’t have worried.O‘tdim. Xavotir olmasam bo‘lardi. (xavotir olganman)
• You should have told me!Menga aytishingiz kerak edi!
• I should have listened to you.Sizga quloq solishim kerak edi.
• He shouldn’t have driven so fast.U bunchalik tez haydamasligi kerak edi.
• We shouldn’t have come here.Bu yerga kelmasligimiz kerak edi.

Afsus o‘zingiz haqida, tanqid boshqalar haqida

• I should have left earlier.Ertaroq chiqishim kerak edi. (o‘zimga afsus)
• You should have been more careful.Ehtiyotkorroq bo‘lishingiz kerak edi. (tanqid)

Kutilgan natija: should have

should have “...gan bo‘lishi kerak edi” (kutilganidek) ma’nosini ham beradi:

• The parcel should have arrived yesterday.Posilka kecha kelishi kerak edi. (kutilgan, lekin kelmadi)
• He should have finished by now.U hozirgacha tugatgan bo‘lishi kerak.

would have — qilardi, lekin bo‘lmadi

would have + V3 — xohish yoki tayyorlik bor edi, lekin biror sabab bilan amalga oshmadi. Ko‘pincha Third Conditional bilan bog‘liq.

• I would have come, but I was ill.Kelardim, lekin kasal edim. (xohlardim)
• She would have helped you if you had asked.Agar so‘raganingizda, u yordam bergan bo‘lardi.
• I would have called you, but my phone was dead.Sizga qo‘ng‘iroq qilardim, lekin telefonim o‘chib qolgan edi.

could have va would have

• You could have died!O‘lib qolishingiz mumkin edi! (imkon bor edi, bo‘lmadi)
• I would have come, but I was ill.Kelardim, lekin kasal edim. (xohlardim)

could have — imkoniyat, would have — xohish / tayyorlik.

needn’t have va didn’t need to

Bu ikkisi juda nozik farq qiladi:

• You needn’t have bought milk. We already had some.Sut olishingiz shart emas edi. Bizda bor edi. (oldingiz)
• I didn’t need to buy milk, so I didn’t.Sut olishim shart emas edi, shuning uchun olmadim.
• You needn’t have worried. Everything was fine.Xavotir olishingiz shart emas edi. Hammasi yaxshi edi.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Avval maqsadni aniqlang: taxminmi yoki afsus / tanqidmi?

Taxmin uchun — dalilni tekshiring

• His car isn’t here. He must have left.Mashinasi yo‘q. U ketgan bo‘lsa kerak.
• I’m not sure. He may have left.Bilmayman. U ketgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
• I saw him now. He can’t have left.Hozir ko‘rdim. U ketgan bo‘lishi mumkin emas.

Afsus uchun — nima bo‘lganini eslang

• I failed. I should have studied.O‘tmadim. O‘qishim kerak edi. (o‘qimaganman)
• I passed. I shouldn’t have worried.O‘tdim. Xavotir olmasam bo‘lardi. (xavotir olganman)

Misol: “U eshitmagan bo‘lsa kerak — ovoz juda past edi.”

1. Taxmin, ishonch kuchli → must have / can’t have.
2. Inkor taxmin → can’t have heard.

Misol: “Siz menga oldindan aytishingiz kerak edi.”

1. Tanqid → should have + V3.
2. tell → told.

Talaffuz va yozuv

So‘zlashuvda have juda qisqa aytiladi:

• should have → “shud-əv” yoki “shudda”;
• could have → “kud-əv” yoki “kudda”;
• would have → “wud-əv” yoki “wudda”;
• must have → “mast-əv”.

Shuning uchun ba’zilar should of deb yozadi. Bu xato: doim have.

was / were supposed to

was / were supposed to ham “kerak edi, lekin bo‘lmadi” degan ma’noni beradi — ko‘pincha kelishuv yoki reja haqida.

• You were supposed to call me!Siz menga qo‘ng‘iroq qilishingiz kerak edi!
• The train was supposed to arrive at 6.Poyezd 6 da kelishi kerak edi.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: taxmin — must have / can’t have / might have. afsus — should have / shouldn’t have. imkoniyat — could have. Doim have + V3.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Yo‘qolgan telefon

• — I can’t find my phone anywhere!— Telefonimni hech qayerdan topa olmayapman!
• — You must have left it in the taxi.— Taksida qoldirgan bo‘lsangiz kerak.
• — No, I can’t have. I used it after the taxi.— Yo‘q, bo‘lishi mumkin emas. Taksidan keyin ishlatdim.
• — Then you might have dropped it in the café.— Unda kafeda tushirib yuborgan bo‘lishingiz mumkin.
• — Oh no. I should have been more careful.— Voy. Ehtiyotkorroq bo‘lishim kerak edi.
• — You could have called it from my phone! Let’s try.— Mening telefonimdan qo‘ng‘iroq qilishingiz mumkin edi-ku! Keling, sinab ko‘ramiz.

Kichik matn

Yesterday my friend didn’t come to the meeting. At first I thought he must have forgotten, but he never forgets anything. He might have been ill, or he may have had a problem with his car. Later I found out that he had gone to the wrong place. He should have checked the address! I told him he could have called me — I would have explained the way.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. The window is broken. Someone ___ (must / break) it. → must have broken
2. She didn’t come. She ___ (might / forget). → might have forgotten
3. He ___ (can’t / steal) the money — he was with me all day. → can’t have stolen
4. I’m so tired. I ___ (should / go) to bed earlier. → should have gone
5. Menga aytishingiz mumkin edi-ku! → You could have told me!
6. Bunchalik ko‘p yemasligim kerak edi. → I shouldn’t have eaten so much.
7. Kelardim, lekin ishim ko‘p edi. → I would have come, but I had a lot of work.
8. Xatoni toping: You should of asked me. → You should have asked me.

Qisqa xulosa

• Tuzilishi: modal + have + V3.
• must have — aniq shunday bo‘lgan; can’t have — bo‘lishi mumkin emas.
• may / might / could have — ehtimol bo‘lgan.
• could have — imkon bor edi (yengillik yoki tanqid).
• should have — kerak edi (qilinmadi); shouldn’t have — kerak emas edi (qilindi).
• would have — qilardi, lekin bo‘lmadi.
• needn’t have + V3 — qildi, lekin shart emas edi.
• should of — xato, doim have.