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Oddiy qilib aytganda

“Ko‘p” va “oz” so‘zlarini tanlash uchun avvalo bitta savol bering: bu narsani sanash mumkinmi?

• Sanaladigan bo‘lsa (kitoblar, odamlar, olmalar) → many (ko‘p) va few (oz).
• Sanalmaydigan bo‘lsa (suv, pul, vaqt, shakar) → much (ko‘p) va little (oz).
• A lot of esa universal — ikkalasi bilan ham ishlaydi.

Eslab qolish yo‘li: many — m-a-n-y odamlar, alohida-alohida sanaladi; much — “bir uyum”, sanab bo‘lmaydigan narsa: suv, pul, vaqt.

O‘zbekchada esa hammasi uchun bitta so‘z: ko‘p (ko‘p kitob, ko‘p suv) va oz (oz odam, oz vaqt). Shuning uchun inglizchada otga qarab to‘g‘ri so‘zni tanlashni o‘rganish kerak.

• I don’t have much time.Vaqtim ko‘p emas.
• There are a lot of cars here.Bu yerda mashinalar ko‘p.
• How many people came?Qancha odam keldi?
• How much sugar do you want?Qancha shakar xohlaysiz?

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. many, much va a lot of — qachon qaysi biri.
2. a few, a little, few, little — nozik farq.
3. How many va How much savollari.
4. too much, too many, enough, plenty of.
5. all, most, some, no, every, each.
6. Eng ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar.

many, much va a lot of

many — sanaladigan

many faqat ko‘plikdagi sanaladigan otlar bilan ishlatiladi.

• I don’t have many friends here.Bu yerda do‘stlarim ko‘p emas.
• Are there many tourists in Khiva?Xivada sayyohlar ko‘pmi?
• Many people speak English.Ko‘p odamlar inglizcha gapiradi.

much — sanalmaydigan

much faqat sanalmaydigan otlar bilan.

• I don’t have much money.Pulim ko‘p emas.
• Is there much traffic today?Bugun tirbandlik ko‘pmi?
• We didn’t have much time.Vaqtimiz ko‘p emas edi.

a lot of / lots of — ikkalasi bilan

a lot of va norasmiyroq lots of — ham sanaladigan, ham sanalmaydigan otlar bilan.

• I have a lot of books.Kitoblarim ko‘p.
• There is a lot of snow.Qor ko‘p.
• She has lots of friends.Uning do‘stlari ko‘p.
• We drank lots of tea.Ko‘p choy ichdik.

Qaysi gapda qaysi biri?

Bu nozik, lekin muhim farq. Grammatik jihatdan many / much hamma joyda to‘g‘ri, lekin so‘zlashuvda:

• I have a lot of books.Kitoblarim ko‘p.
• I don’t have many books.Kitoblarim ko‘p emas.
• Do you have much time?Vaqtingiz ko‘pmi?

I have much money — grammatik xato emas, lekin juda rasmiy va g‘alati eshitiladi. So‘zlashuvda: I have a lot of money.

Diqqat: a lot of dan keyin ot bo‘lmasa, of tushib qoladi: I like it a lot. Thanks a lot!

How many va How much

• How many children do you have?Nechta farzandingiz bor?
• How many students are there in your class?Sinfingizda nechta o‘quvchi bor?
• How much milk do we need?Bizga qancha sut kerak?
• How much is this shirt?Bu ko‘ylak qancha turadi?

a few, a little, few, little

Bu juda muhim nozik farq. a bilan — ijobiy (oz, lekin yetarli). a siz — salbiy (juda oz, yetmaydi, afsus).

• I have a few friends here.Bu yerda bir nechta do‘stim bor. (yomon emas)
• I have few friends here.Bu yerda do‘stlarim juda kam. (afsus)
• I have a little money. Let’s eat out.Biroz pulim bor. Tashqarida ovqatlanaylik.
• I have little money. I can’t go.Pulim juda kam. Bora olmayman.

So‘zlashuvda few / little (salbiy) kamroq ishlatiladi. Ularning o‘rniga ko‘pincha not many / not much deyiladi: I don’t have many friends. I don’t have much money.

quite a few — “ancha ko‘p”: Quite a few people came. (Ancha odam keldi.)

too much, too many, enough

too much / too many — haddan tashqari

too — “haddan tashqari, kerakdan ortiq” — salbiy ma’no.

• I drink too much coffee.Juda ko‘p qahva ichaman. (bu yomon)
• There are too many people here.Bu yerda odam haddan tashqari ko‘p.
• You spend too much time on your phone.Telefoningizga juda ko‘p vaqt sarflaysiz.
• I ate too much.Juda ko‘p yeb qo‘ydim.

enough — yetarli

enough — ham sanaladigan, ham sanalmaydigan otlar bilan. Odatda otdan oldin keladi.

• We have enough chairs.Stullarimiz yetarli.
• Do you have enough money?Pulingiz yetarlimi?
• There isn’t enough time.Vaqt yetarli emas.
• Is there enough food for everyone?Hammaga ovqat yetadimi?

plenty of — yetarlicha ko‘p

plenty of = “yetarlicha va hatto ko‘proq” — ijobiy ma’no.

• Don’t hurry, we have plenty of time.Shoshmang, vaqtimiz yetarlicha.
• There are plenty of shops near here.Bu yaqinda do‘konlar ko‘p.

Boshqa miqdor so‘zlari

• All students passed.Hamma talabalar o‘tdi.
• Most people like music.Ko‘pchilik musiqani yaxshi ko‘radi.
• No students came.Hech bir talaba kelmadi.
• Every student has a book.Har bir talabada kitob bor.
• Each child got a gift.Har bir bola sovg‘a oldi.

every va each

Ikkalasi ham “har bir”, va ikkalasidan keyin ot birlikda keladi, fe’l ham birlikda.

• Every student has a book.Har bir talabada kitob bor. (has — birlik)
• Each room has a TV.Har bir xonada televizor bor.

Farqi nozik: every — guruhni umumiy ko‘radi (hamma, istisnosiz), each — har birini alohida-alohida ko‘radi. Ko‘p hollarda ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri.

most va most of

Bosqichma-bosqich

So‘z tanlash tartibi:

1. Sanaladimi? chairs — ha, time — yo‘q.
2. Gap turi qanday? Bo‘lishli gapda — a lot of, inkor va savolda — many / much.
3. Yetarlimi yoki yo‘qmi? Yetarli — a few / a little, yetmaydi — few / little.

Misol: “Bugun vaqtim ko‘p emas.”

1. time — sanalmaydi.
2. Inkor gap → much.

Misol: “To‘yda odam juda ko‘p edi.”

1. people — sanaladi (ko‘plik).
2. Bo‘lishli gap → a lot of.

Misol: “Choyga biroz shakar qo‘shing.”

1. sugar — sanalmaydi.
2. Biroz (ijobiy) → a little.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: sanaladigan — many, few, a few, How many. Sanalmaydigan — much, little, a little, How much. a lot of — ikkalasi bilan.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Mehmon kutish

• — How many people are coming tonight?— Bugun kechqurun necha kishi keladi?
• — About twenty.— Taxminan yigirmata.
• — Do we have enough chairs?— Stullarimiz yetarlimi?
• — No, we only have a few. Let’s borrow some from the neighbours.— Yo‘q, faqat bir nechtasi bor. Qo‘shnilardan olib turaylik.
• — And how much rice do we need for plov?— Palovga qancha guruch kerak?
• — A lot! At least three kilos.— Ko‘p! Kamida uch kilo.

Kichik matn

My town is small. There aren’t many shops and there isn’t much traffic. Most people know each other. There are a few cafes and a lot of beautiful parks. We have plenty of fresh fruit in summer. The only problem is that there are few jobs for young people, so many of them move to Tashkent.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. How ___ brothers do you have? → many
2. How ___ water do you drink a day? → much
3. There are ___ cars in the street. (bo‘lishli, ko‘p) → a lot of
4. I don’t have ___ free time. → much
5. I have ___ friends here, so I’m not lonely. → a few
6. There’s ___ hope. The situation is very bad. → little
7. Bu yerda odam haddan tashqari ko‘p. → There are too many people here.
8. Xatoni toping: Every students must bring a pen. → Every student must bring a pen.

Qisqa xulosa

• Sanaladigan: many, few, a few, How many, too many.
• Sanalmaydigan: much, little, a little, How much, too much.
• a lot of / lots of — ikkalasi bilan, ayniqsa bo‘lishli gapda.
• Inkor va savolda — many / much tabiiyroq.
• a few / a little — ijobiy (yetarli), few / little — salbiy (yetmaydi).
• enough — yetarli, plenty of — yetarlicha ko‘p, too much / many — haddan tashqari.
• every / each + birlik ot + birlik fe’l.
• Most people (umumiy), most of the students (aniq guruh).