The Verb “to be”

Oddiy qilib aytganda

To be fe’lini “tenglik belgisi” deb tasavvur qiling. I am a student — Men = talaba. The sky is blue — Osmon = moviy. Bu fe’l harakatni emas, kim, nima, qanday, qayerda ekanini bildiradi.

O‘zbek tilida bu vazifani -man, -san, -miz, -dir qo‘shimchalari bajaradi yoki umuman hech narsa turmaydi: “Men talabaman”, “U shifokor”, “Havo issiq”. Inglizchada esa ega bilan qolgan qism o‘rtasida albatta so‘z turishi kerak: I am a student. She is a doctor. It is hot.

Qoida juda sodda:

• Narsani tasvirlasangiz, tanishtirsangiz, joyini aytsangiz — am, is, are;
• Harakatni aytsangiz (ishlayman, boraman, o‘qiyman) — oddiy fe’l (work, go, read).

To be — ingliz tilidagi eng muhim va eng ko‘p ishlatiladigan fe’l. U hozirgi zamonda uch shaklga ega: am, is, are.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. am, is, are ni egaga qarab tanlash.
2. Bo‘lishli, inkor va so‘roq gaplar.
3. Qisqa shakllar (I’m, he’s, isn’t, aren’t).
4. to be ishlatiladigan oltita asosiy holat.
5. O‘zbekchadan farqli joylar: yosh, och qolish, sovqotish.
6. So‘roq so‘zlari bilan savollar va eng ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar.

am, is yoki are?

Fe’l egaga qarab tanlanadi. Buni jadval sifatida yodlang — bu ingliz tilining poydevori.

Eslab qolish usuli:

• am — faqat I bilan (bitta odam — “men”);
• is — bitta odam yoki narsa (he, she, it, Ali, the book);
• are — ko‘plik va you (we, they, you, my parents, the books).

• My mother is a teacher.Onam o‘qituvchi. (bitta — is)
• My parents are teachers.Ota-onam o‘qituvchi. (ko‘plik — are)
• The book is on the table.Kitob stol ustida.
• The books are on the table.Kitoblar stol ustida.
• Ali and Vali are brothers.Ali va Vali aka-uka. (ikki kishi — are)

Gap turlari

Bo‘lishli gap

• I am from Uzbekistan.Men O‘zbekistondanman.
• She is a nurse.U hamshira.
• We are at home.Biz uydamiz.
• It is a beautiful city.Bu chiroyli shahar.
• You are very kind.Siz juda mehribonsiz.

Inkor gap

Inkor uchun fe’ldan keyin not qo‘shiladi. O‘zbekchadagi “emas” so‘ziga to‘g‘ri keladi.

Diqqat: I amn’t degan shakl yo‘q. Faqat I’m not.

• I’m not tired.Men charchamaganman.
• He isn’t at work.U ishda emas.
• They aren’t students.Ular talaba emas.
• It isn’t expensive.Bu qimmat emas.
• We aren’t ready yet.Biz hali tayyor emasmiz.

So‘roq gap

Savol berish uchun fe’l egadan oldinga o‘tadi. O‘zbekchada esa faqat -mi qo‘shimchasi qo‘shiladi.

• Are you a student?Siz talabamisiz?
• Is he your brother?U sizning akangizmi?
• Is it far?Uzoqmi?
• Are they at home?Ular uydami?
• Am I late?Kechikdimmi?

Qisqa javoblar

Savolga Yes / No va qisqa javob bilan javob beriladi. Bo‘lishli qisqa javobda qisqartma ishlatilmaydi.

Yes, I’m. yoki Yes, he’s. — xato. To‘g‘ri: Yes, I am. Yes, he is.

Qachon ishlatiladi?

1. Kim ekanini aytganda: ism, millat, kasb

• I am Aziz.Men Azizman.
• She is Uzbek.U o‘zbek.
• My father is an engineer.Otam muhandis.
• We are from Samarkand.Biz Samarqanddanmiz.

2. Yosh haqida

Bu o‘zbek o‘quvchilari eng ko‘p xato qiladigan joy. O‘zbekchada “Mening 20 yoshim bor” deymiz, shuning uchun have ishlatgisi keladi. Inglizchada esa yosh to be bilan aytiladi.

• I am twenty.Men yigirma yoshdaman.
• I am twenty years old.Men yigirma yoshdaman. (to‘liq shakl)
• How old are you?Necha yoshdasiz?
• My son is five.O‘g‘lim besh yoshda.

I am twenty years (old so‘zisiz) — xato. Yo faqat son, yo years old bilan to‘liq ayting.

3. Joy haqida

• She is at school.U maktabda.
• The keys are in my bag.Kalitlar sumkamda.
• Where is the station?Bekat qayerda?
• Tashkent is in Uzbekistan.Toshkent O‘zbekistonda.

4. Holat va his-tuyg‘u haqida

• I am tired.Charchadim.
• We are happy.Biz xursandmiz.
• Are you OK?Yaxshimisiz?
• She is angry with me.U mendan jahli chiqqan.

5. Narsalarni tasvirlaganda: rang, o‘lcham, sifat, narx

• The sky is blue.Osmon moviy.
• This house is very big.Bu uy juda katta.
• The food is delicious.Ovqat mazali.
• How much is it? — It is ten dollars.Bu qancha turadi? — O‘n dollar.

6. Ob-havo va vaqt

• It is hot today.Bugun issiq.
• It is sunny.Quyoshli.
• It is seven o’clock.Soat yetti.
• It is Monday.Bugun dushanba.

O‘zbekchadan farqli joylar

Ba’zi holatlarda o‘zbekchada boshqa fe’l ishlatiladi, inglizchada esa to be + sifat.

• I am hungry. Let’s eat.Qornim och. Keling, ovqatlanaylik.
• Are you cold? Close the window.Sovqotyapsizmi? Derazani yoping.
• You are right, I am wrong.Siz haqsiz, men adashdim.

So‘roq so‘zlari bilan savollar

So‘roq so‘zi gap boshida turadi, keyin to be, keyin ega.

• What is your name?Ismingiz nima?
• Where are you from?Qayerdansiz?
• How old is your sister?Opangiz necha yoshda?
• Who is that man?U odam kim?
• How are you?Qalaysiz?
• Why are you sad?Nima uchun xafasiz?
• What colour is your car?Mashinangiz qanday rangda?

So‘zlashuvda qisqa shakllar ishlatiladi: What’s your name? Where’s the bank? Who’s that?

Qisqartmalar

So‘zlashuvda I am tez aytilganda I’m bo‘ladi. Ma’no o‘zgarmaydi. Apostrof (’) tushib qolgan harf o‘rnini ko‘rsatadi: I’m = I am, he’s = he is, we’re = we are.

Qachon qisqa, qachon to‘liq?

• Og‘zaki nutq, xabarlar, do‘stona xat — qisqa: I’m fine. She’s busy.
• Rasmiy hujjat, ariza, ilmiy matn — to‘liq: I am writing to apply for...
• Urg‘u berish uchun — to‘liq: I am ready! (Men rostdan tayyorman!)

Otlardan keyin ham qisqartma mumkin: My brother’s a doctor. The weather’s nice.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Gapni qadamma-qadam quramiz.

Bo‘lishli gap: “Opam hamshira.”

1. Egani toping: opam → my sister (bitta ayol = she).
2. Mos fe’lni qo‘ying: she → is.
3. Qolganini qo‘shing: hamshira → a nurse (kasb oldida a).

Inkor gap: “Opam hamshira emas.”

Fe’ldan keyin not qo‘shing:

Savol: “Opangiz hamshirami?”

Fe’lni egadan oldinga o‘tkazing:

Misol: “Ular hozir uyda emas.”

1. Ega: ular → they.
2. Fe’l: they → are, inkor → aren’t.
3. Joy: uyda → at home. Vaqt: hozir → now.

to be va oddiy fe’llar

To be va oddiy fe’llar bitta gapda birga kelmaydi (Continuous zamonlaridan tashqari). Bu juda keng tarqalgan xato.

Bu xato o‘zbekchadagi “-man” qo‘shimchasini tarjima qilishdan kelib chiqadi: “Ishlayman” → I am work. Lekin “-man” bu yerda fe’lning shaxs qo‘shimchasi, alohida so‘z emas.

Oson tekshirish: gapda harakat bormi (ishlash, yashash, yoqtirish)? Bor bo‘lsa — am / is / are kerak emas.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Tanishuv

• — Hello! I’m Jasur. What’s your name?— Salom! Men Jasurman. Ismingiz nima?
• — Hi, I’m Madina. Nice to meet you.— Salom, men Madinaman. Tanishganimdan xursandman.
• — Are you a student?— Talabamisiz?
• — No, I’m not. I’m a teacher. And you?— Yo‘q. Men o‘qituvchiman. Siz-chi?
• — I’m a programmer.— Men dasturchiman.

Kichik matn

Hi! My name is Farida. I am 19 years old. I am from Fergana, but now I am in Tashkent. I am a student at the university. My parents are in Fergana. My father is a doctor and my mother is a teacher. My brother is 15. He is a pupil. We are a happy family.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. I ___ from Bukhara. → am
2. My sister ___ a doctor. → is
3. They ___ at home. → are
4. ___ you hungry? — Yes, I ___. → Are / am
5. Uning 30 yoshi bor. → He is 30.
6. Biz charchamaganmiz. → We aren’t tired.
7. Bekat qayerda? → Where is the station?
8. Men bankda ishlayman. → I work in a bank. (am kerak emas!)

Qisqa xulosa

• I am · he / she / it is · you / we / they are.
• Inkor: not qo‘shiladi — isn’t, aren’t, I’m not.
• Savol: fe’l egadan oldinga o‘tadi — Are you...? Is he...?
• Qisqa javob: Yes, I am. (qisqartmasiz), No, I’m not.
• Yosh, kasb, joy, holat, ob-havo — to be bilan.
• Qornim och — I am hungry, Uning 20 yoshi bor — She is 20.
• Oddiy fe’l bilan birga kelmaydi: I am work → I work.