The Article: the

Oddiy qilib aytganda

A va the farqini shunday tasavvur qiling. Do‘stingizga “Men bir kitob oldim” deysiz. U qaysi kitobligini bilmaydi. Ertasi kuni “O‘sha kitob juda qiziq ekan” deysiz. Endi u qaysi kitobni aytayotganingizni aniq biladi. Birinchisi — a, ikkinchisi — the.

• I bought a book yesterday.Kecha bir kitob oldim.
• The book is very interesting.(O‘sha) kitob juda qiziq ekan.

Demak, the ning asosiy savoli: “Tinglovchi qaysi biri haqida gapirayotganimni biladimi?” Biladi bo‘lsa — the. Bilmasa — a / an (yoki ko‘plikda hech narsa).

The — aniq artikl (definite article). U suhbatdoshga aniq, ma’lum narsa haqida gapirayotganingizni bildiradi: “o‘sha, siz bilgan, gap borayotgan”. O‘zbek tilida uning to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri o‘rinbosari yo‘q. Ba’zan “o‘sha”, “bu” deb tarjima qilinadi, ba’zan esa -ni qo‘shimchasi orqali seziladi: kitob o‘qidim (qandaydir) va kitobni o‘qidim (o‘sha aniq kitobni).

The a / an dan farqli o‘laroq birlik ham, ko‘plik ham, sanalmaydigan otlar bilan ishlatiladi: the book, the books, the water.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. the ishlatiladigan oltita asosiy holat.
2. the ishlatilmaydigan holatlar: umumiy ma’no, ismlar, tillar, ovqat mahallari.
3. Geografik nomlar: qaysi biri the bilan, qaysi biri the siz.
4. school, home, work, bed kabi maxsus so‘zlar.
5. the qanday talaffuz qilinadi.
6. Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar.

Qachon ishlatiladi?

1. Narsa avval tilga olingan bo‘lsa

Birinchi marta a / an, ikkinchi marta the. Bu hikoya qilishda eng ko‘p uchraydigan holat.

• I saw a dog and a cat. The dog was black and the cat was white.Bir it va bir mushuk ko‘rdim. It qora, mushuk oq edi.
• There is a man at the door. The man wants to see you.Eshik oldida bir kishi bor. U sizni ko‘rmoqchi.
• We stayed in a hotel. The hotel was very clean.Bir mehmonxonada turdik. Mehmonxona juda toza edi.

2. Vaziyatdan qaysi biri aniq bo‘lsa

Avval aytilmagan bo‘lsa ham, vaziyatning o‘zidan qaysi biri ekani tushunarli. Masalan, xonada bitta eshik bor — “Eshikni yoping” desangiz, qaysi eshik ekani aniq.

• Please close the door.Iltimos, eshikni yoping.
• Where is the remote?Pult qayerda?
• Can you pass the salt?Tuzni uzatib yuborasizmi?
• The teacher is coming!O‘qituvchi kelyapti! (bizning o‘qituvchimiz)
• I’m going to the bank.Bankka ketyapman. (har doim boradigan bankim)

3. Dunyoda yagona bo‘lgan narsalar

Faqat bitta bo‘lgan narsalar doim the bilan keladi.

• The sun is hot.Quyosh issiq.
• The moon is beautiful tonight.Bugun kechqurun oy chiroyli.
• I found it on the internet.Buni internetdan topdim.
• The sky is blue.Osmon moviy.
• The world is changing.Dunyo o‘zgarmoqda.

4. Keyingi so‘zlar aniqlashtirsa

Ba’zan ot o‘zidan keyingi qism bilan aniq bo‘lib qoladi: “stol ustidagi kitob”, “kecha qo‘ng‘iroq qilgan odam”.

• The book on the table is mine.Stol ustidagi kitob meniki.
• The man who called you is my uncle.Sizga qo‘ng‘iroq qilgan kishi — amakim.
• The capital of Uzbekistan is Tashkent.O‘zbekistonning poytaxti — Toshkent.
• I like the colour of your car.Mashinangizning rangi menga yoqadi.

5. Tartib sonlar va eng yuqori daraja

first, second, last, next, only va orttirma daraja (the best, the biggest) bilan doim the.

• He is the first student in the class.U sinfdagi birinchi o‘quvchi.
• This is the best film I have seen.Bu men ko‘rgan eng yaxshi film.
• Tashkent is the biggest city in Uzbekistan.Toshkent — O‘zbekistondagi eng katta shahar.
• She is the only person who knows.Biladigan yagona odam — u.
• Take the second street on the left.Chapdagi ikkinchi ko‘chaga buriling.

6. Musiqa asboblari, guruhlar va boshqa holatlar

• She plays the piano.U pianino chaladi.
• I listen to the radio.Radio tinglayman.
• The rich should help the poor.Boylar kambag‘allarga yordam berishi kerak. (the + sifat = guruh)
• The Karimovs live next door.Karimovlar oilasi qo‘shnimizda yashaydi. (oila familiyasi)
• in the morning, in the eveningertalab, kechqurun

Qachon ishlatilmaydi?

Umumiy va aniq ma’no

Bu eng muhim farq. Umuman barcha narsalar haqida gapirsangiz — the yo‘q. Aniq narsalar haqida gapirsangiz — the bor.

• I like cats.Men mushuklarni yoqtiraman. (umuman barchasini)
• I like the cats in your house.Uyingizdagi mushuklar menga yoqadi. (aniq mushuklar)
• Life is short.Hayot qisqa. (umumiy)
• The life of Navoi was interesting.Navoiyning hayoti qiziq edi. (aniq hayot)
• Water is important for health.Suv sog‘liq uchun muhim. (umumiy)
• The water in this river is cold.Bu daryodagi suv sovuq. (aniq suv)
• Children love games.Bolalar o‘yinni yaxshi ko‘radi. (umuman)
• The children are in the garden.Bolalar bog‘da. (bizning bolalar)

O‘zbek tilida bu farq ko‘pincha sezilmaydi. Shuning uchun o‘zingizga savol bering: “Men hammasi haqida gapiryapmanmi yoki aniq bir guruh haqidami?”

Geografik nomlar

Bu yerda aniq qoidalar bor. Ularni jadval sifatida eslab qoling.

• The Amu Darya flows into the Aral Sea.Amudaryo Orol dengiziga quyiladi.
• I want to visit the USA and Canada.AQSh va Kanadaga borishni xohlayman.
• We climbed the Chimgan mountains.Chimyon tog‘lariga chiqdik.

Maxsus so‘zlar: school, home, work, bed

Ba’zi joylar asosiy vazifasi uchun borilganda the siz ishlatiladi. Faqat bino sifatida borilganda the qo‘yiladi.

Home so‘zi bilan esa na to, na the ishlatiladi: go home, come home, at home.

• My son goes to school by bus.O‘g‘lim maktabga avtobusda boradi.
• I went to the school to talk to his teacher.O‘qituvchisi bilan gaplashgani maktabga bordim.
• It’s late. Let’s go home.Kech bo‘ldi. Uyga ketaylik.
• I usually go to bed at eleven.Odatda soat o‘n birda yotaman.

Talaffuz

The ikki xil aytiladi:

Bu yerda ham a / an dagi kabi harf emas, tovush muhim: the university — “dhe”, the hour — “dhi”. Urg‘u bilan “aynan o‘sha, mashhur” ma’nosida doim “dhi” deyiladi: Is that the Messi? — Bu o‘sha mashhur Messimi?

th tovushi o‘zbek tilida yo‘q. Uni aytish uchun tilni yuqori va pastki tishlar orasiga qo‘yib, ovoz chiqaring. “Ze” yoki “de” deb aytish xato emas, lekin to‘g‘ri talaffuzga harakat qiling.

Bosqichma-bosqich

The kerakligini aniqlash uchun to‘rt savol bering.

1. Avval aytilganmi? I saw a dog. The dog was black.
2. Vaziyatdan aniqmi? Xonada bitta eshik bor: Close the door.
3. Yagonami? the sun, the moon, the internet.
4. Keyingi so‘zlar aniqlashtiryaptimi? the book on the table, the man who called.

Hech biriga “ha” deya olmasangiz va umumiy gapirayotgan bo‘lsangiz, the qo‘ymang.

Misol: “Stol ustidagi choyni ich.”

1. Qaysi choy? Stol ustidagi — aniqlashtirilgan.
2. Demak, the kerak.

Misol: “Men choyni yaxshi ko‘raman.”

1. Qaysi choy? Umuman choyni, barcha choyni.
2. Umumiy ma’no — the kerak emas.

O‘zbekcha ikkala gapda ham “choyni” bor, lekin inglizchada farq qiladi. Shuning uchun ma’noga qarab tanlang.

• I like cats.Men mushuklarni yoqtiraman. (umuman barchasini)
• I like the cats in your house.Uyingizdagi mushuklar menga yoqadi. (aniq mushuklar)
• Life is short.Hayot qisqa. (umumiy)
• The life of Navoi was interesting.Navoiyning hayoti qiziq edi. (aniq hayot)

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: “Hammasi haqida” gapirsangiz — the yo‘q. “Aynan o‘sha” haqida gapirsangiz — the bor.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Uyda

• — Where are the keys?— Kalitlar qayerda?
• — On the table in the kitchen.— Oshxonadagi stol ustida.
• — And where is the car?— Mashina-chi?
• — Dad took it. He went to the market.— Dadam olib ketdi. Bozorga ketdi.

Kichik matn

Last summer we went to the mountains near Tashkent. We stayed in a small house. The house was next to a river. The river was very cold, but the children swam in it every day. In the evening we sat outside and looked at the stars. It was the best holiday of my life.

Matnda a va the qanday almashinayotganiga e’tibor bering: a small house → the house, a river → the river.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

Bo‘sh joyga the yoki hech narsa (—) qo‘ying.

1. ___ moon goes round ___ Earth. → The / the
2. I love ___ music. → — (umumiy)
3. ___ music in this film is great. → The (aniq)
4. She lives in ___ UK. → the
5. We go to ___ school at eight. → —
6. This is ___ most expensive phone. → the
7. ___ Ali is my cousin. → —
8. Can you open ___ window, please? → the

Qisqa xulosa

• the = “o‘sha, ikkalamizga ma’lum”.
• Birlik, ko‘plik va sanalmaydigan otlar bilan ishlatiladi.
• Narsa ikkinchi marta tilga olinganda, vaziyatdan aniq bo‘lganda, yagona bo‘lganda — the.
• Tartib sonlar va orttirma daraja bilan doim: the first, the best.
• Umumiy gapirganda the kerak emas: I like music.
• Ism, tillar, ovqat mahallari, sport, ko‘pchilik davlat va shaharlar — the siz.
• Daryo, dengiz, tog‘ tizmalari, the USA, the UK — the bilan.
• go to school, go to bed, go home — the siz.