Past Perfect

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Past Perfect — “o‘tmishning o‘tmishi”. Hikoya aytayotganda ba’zan bitta o‘tgan voqeadan ham oldinroq bo‘lgan ishni ko‘rsatish kerak bo‘ladi. O‘zbekchada bu -gan edi, -ib bo‘lgan edi shakliga to‘g‘ri keladi: ketgan edi, ko‘rgan edi, tugatib bo‘lgan edi.

Vaqt chizig‘ini tasavvur qiling:

• eng chapda — Past Perfect (eng oldingi voqea);
• o‘rtada — Past Simple (asosiy hikoya);
• o‘ngda — hozir.

Misol: “Bekatga keldim. Poyezd ketib bo‘lgan edi.” Bu yerda ikki voqea bor va ularning tartibi muhim: poyezd men kelishimdan oldin ketgan.

• I arrived at the station.Bekatga yetib keldim. (Past Simple — asosiy voqea)
• The train had left.Poyezd ketib bo‘lgan edi. (Past Perfect — undan oldin)

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Past Perfect qanday tuziladi.
2. Ikki o‘tgan voqeaning tartibini ko‘rsatish.
3. Muhim so‘zlar: already, just, never, before, after, by the time.
4. Sabab ko‘rsatish va “birinchi marta”.
5. Past Perfect qachon shart emas.
6. Eng ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar.

Qanday tuziladi?

Past Perfect juda oddiy tuziladi: hamma shaxs uchun had + fe’lning 3-shakli (V3).

To‘g‘ri fe’llarda V3 -ed bilan (finished, worked, lived), noto‘g‘ri fe’llarda uchinchi shakl (gone, seen, eaten, written).

Diqqat: she’d ikki ma’noda bo‘lishi mumkin: she had (keyin V3) yoki she would (keyin fe’lning asosiy shakli). She’d left = she had left. She’d leave = she would leave.

• When I arrived, the train had left.Men yetib kelganimda poyezd ketib bo‘lgan edi.
• I had never seen the sea before that trip.Bu sayohatdan oldin dengizni hech ko‘rmagan edim.
• She was sad because she had lost her ring.U xafa edi, chunki uzugini yo‘qotib qo‘ygan edi.
• After he had finished, he went home.U ishni tugatgach, uyga ketdi.

Ikki voqeani solishtirish

Past Perfect’ning asosiy vazifasi — o‘tmishdagi ikki voqeaning tartibini aniq ko‘rsatish.

Vaqt chizig‘i

Ma’no qanday o‘zgaradi?

Bir xil gapda zamonni o‘zgartirsangiz, voqealar tartibi o‘zgaradi:

• When I got home, she cooked dinner.Men kelganimda u ovqat pishirdi. (avval men keldim, keyin u pishirdi)
• When I got home, she had cooked dinner.Men kelganimda u ovqat pishirib bo‘lgan edi. (avval u pishirgan, keyin men keldim)
• When we arrived, the film started.Biz kelganimizda film boshlandi. (biz keldik — keyin boshlandi)
• When we arrived, the film had started.Biz kelganimizda film boshlanib bo‘lgan edi. (biz kechikdik)

Muhim so‘zlar

Past Perfect ko‘pincha quyidagi so‘zlar bilan keladi:

• The guests had already left when we arrived.Biz kelganimizda mehmonlar allaqachon ketib qolgan edi.
• I had just fallen asleep when the phone rang.Endigina uxlab qolgan edim, telefon jiringladi.
• By the time the police arrived, the thief had escaped.Politsiya kelguncha o‘g‘ri qochib ketgan edi.

by the time — juda foydali ibora: “...gan paytga kelib, ...guncha”.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Misol: “Men uyga kelganimda, ular ovqatlanib bo‘lgan edi.”

1. Qaysi voqea birinchi? Ular ovqatlandi.
2. Birinchisi: had + 3-shakl → they had eaten.
3. Ikkinchisi: Past Simple → I came home.
4. Bog‘laymiz: when.

Misol: “U imtihondan o‘ta olmadi, chunki tayyorlanmagan edi.”

1. Asosiy voqea: o‘ta olmadi → failed (Past Simple).
2. Undan oldingi sabab: tayyorlanmagan edi → hadn’t prepared (Past Perfect).

Misol: “Bu sayohatdan oldin men hech qachon samolyotda uchmagan edim.”

1. Tajriba o‘tmishdagi bir nuqtagacha → Past Perfect + never ... before.
2. fly → flew → flown.

Sabab ko‘rsatish

Ko‘pincha Past Perfect sababni ochib beradi: nega o‘tmishdagi holat shunday bo‘lgan?

• He was hungry because he hadn’t eaten.U och edi, chunki ovqatlanmagan edi.
• I knew her because we had met before.Uni tanir edim, chunki oldin uchrashgan edik.
• She was angry because I had forgotten her birthday.U jahldor edi, chunki men uning tug‘ilgan kunini unutgan edim.
• The streets were wet. It had rained in the night.Ko‘chalar ho‘l edi. Kechasi yomg‘ir yog‘gan edi.

“Birinchi marta”

“Bu ... birinchi marta edi” degan iboradan keyin Past Perfect keladi:

• It was the first time I had flown.Bu mening birinchi parvozim edi.
• It was the best meal I had ever eaten.Bu men yegan eng mazali taom edi.
• That was the first time she had seen snow.U birinchi marta qor ko‘rgan edi.

Hozirgi zamonda bu Present Perfect bo‘ladi: It’s the first time I’ve flown. O‘tmishda esa Past Perfect.

Qachon shart emas?

Agar before yoki after voqealar tartibini aniq ko‘rsatsa, Past Simple ham yetadi. Past Perfect bu holda ixtiyoriy.

• I ate before I left.Chiqishdan oldin ovqatlandim. (ham to‘g‘ri)
• I had eaten before I left.Chiqishdan oldin ovqatlanib olgan edim. (ham to‘g‘ri)
• After she finished, she went home.Tugatgach, u uyga ketdi.

Voqealar ketma-ket aytilsa (birinchi — birinchi, ikkinchi — ikkinchi), Past Perfect kerak emas:

• I got up, had a shower and left.Turdim, dush qabul qildim va chiqdim. (tartib aniq)

Past Perfect faqat voqealar teskari tartibda aytilganda yoki tartib chalkash bo‘lsa kerak.

Present Perfect va Past Perfect

Bu ikki zamon bir-biriga o‘xshash, faqat “qarash nuqtasi” farq qiladi:

Inkor va savol

• I hadn’t seen him for years.Uni yillar davomida ko‘rmagan edim.
• They hadn’t finished when we arrived.Biz kelganimizda ular tugatmagan edi.
• Had you met her before the party?Bazmdan oldin u bilan tanishganmidingiz?
• Had the film started when you arrived?Siz kelganingizda film boshlangan edimi?
• What had she done?U nima qilgan edi?

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: ikki o‘tgan voqeadan birinchisi — had + V3, ikkinchisi — Past Simple.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Omadsiz kun

• — How was your trip to Samarkand?— Samarqand sayohatingiz qanday o‘tdi?
• — Terrible! When we got to the station, the train had already left.— Dahshatli! Vokzalga yetib borganimizda, poyezd allaqachon ketib qolgan edi.
• — Oh no! Why were you late?— Voy! Nega kechikdingiz?
• — My husband had forgotten the tickets at home, so we went back.— Erim chiptalarni uyda unutib qoldirgan ekan, qaytib bordik.
• — What did you do then?— Keyin nima qildingiz?
• — We took a taxi. By the time we arrived, it had become dark.— Taksiga o‘tirdik. Yetib borgunimizcha qorong‘i tushib qolgan edi.

Kichik hikoya

Last summer I visited my grandmother’s village for the first time in ten years. Everything had changed. They had built a new school and the old road had disappeared. My childhood friend Bobur had moved to Russia and his parents had sold their house. I felt a bit sad because I had expected everything to be the same. But my grandmother hadn’t changed at all!

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. When I arrived, the meeting ___ (already / start). → had already started
2. I ___ (never / see) such a beautiful place before. → had never seen
3. She was upset because she ___ (lose) her keys. → had lost
4. By the time we got there, the shop ___ (close). → had closed
5. U kelganida men ovqatlanib bo‘lgan edim. → When she came, I had already eaten.
6. Bu mening birinchi parvozim edi. → It was the first time I had flown.
7. Ular uchrashishdan oldin bir-birini tanirmidi? → Had they met before?
8. Xatoni toping: When I had come home, my mother cooked dinner (u allaqachon pishirib bo‘lgan). → When I came home, my mother had cooked dinner.

Qisqa xulosa

• Tuzilishi: had + fe’lning 3-shakli (hamma shaxs uchun bir xil).
• O‘tmishdagi boshqa voqeadan oldin bo‘lgan ish: “o‘tmishning o‘tmishi”.
• Ikki voqea: birinchisi — Past Perfect, ikkinchisi — Past Simple.
• Muhim so‘zlar: already, just, never ... before, by the time, when, because.
• Sababni ochib berish: He was hungry because he hadn’t eaten.
• It was the first time I had... — birinchi marta.
• before / after tartibni aniq ko‘rsatsa yoki voqealar ketma-ket bo‘lsa — Past Simple yetarli.