Advanced Modal Uses

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Modal fe’llarning asosiy ma’nolarini bilasiz: can — qobiliyat, must — majburiyat, should — maslahat. Bu darsda ularning nozik ohanglarini o‘rganamiz — ular nutqqa xarakter va his-tuyg‘u beradi.

• He will keep talking in class.U darsda gapiravergani-gapiravergan. (bezovta qiluvchi odat)
• She would say that, wouldn’t she?Albatta, u shunday deydi-da. (kutilgan xatti-harakat)
• That will be the postman.Bu pochtachi bo‘lsa kerak. (taxmin)

Will nafaqat kelajak, balki bezovta odat ham: “Nuqul shunday qiladi!” Would — “Albatta u shunday deydi.” Bular dialog va hikoyaga jon beradi.

Eng muhim juftlik — needn’t have done (qildim, keragi yo‘q ekan) va didn’t need to (kerak emas edi).

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. needn’t have done va didn’t need to.
2. be supposed to, be meant to.
3. will va would — odat, xarakter, taxmin.
4. shall — taklif va huquqiy majburiyat.
5. dare va need — modal sifatida.
6. may well, might as well, be bound to va tanqid ohangi.

needn’t have va didn’t need to

Bu ikki shakl juda nozik farq qiladi va C1 imtihonlarida tez-tez so‘raladi.

• I needn’t have cooked. They had already eaten.Ovqat pishirmasam ham bo‘lar ekan. Ular ovqatlanib bo‘lgan ekan. (pishirdim)
• I didn’t need to cook, so I rested.Ovqat pishirishim shart emas edi, shuning uchun dam oldim. (pishirmadim)
• I needn’t have taken an umbrella. It didn’t rain.Soyabon olishim shart emas ekan. Yomg‘ir yog‘madi. (oldim)
• I didn’t need to take an umbrella.Soyabon olishim kerak emas edi. (ehtimol olmadim)
• You needn’t have bought flowers!Gul olib kelishingiz shart emas edi! (oldingiz — minnatdorchilik)

needn’t have ko‘pincha minnatdorchilik ohangida ishlatiladi: Oh, you needn’t have brought a present! — “Voy, sovg‘a olib kelishingiz shart emas edi!” (lekin xursandman).

be supposed to va be meant to

Kutilgan, rejalashtirilgan yoki qoida bo‘yicha bo‘lishi kerak bo‘lgan narsa — lekin ko‘pincha bajarilmagan.

• You were supposed to call me.Menga qo‘ng‘iroq qilishingiz kerak edi. (qilmadingiz)
• You’re not supposed to smoke here.Bu yerda chekish mumkin emas. (qoida)
• This is meant to be a good film.Bu yaxshi film deyishadi. (umumiy fikr)
• This medicine is supposed to help with headaches.Bu dori bosh og‘rig‘iga yordam berishi kerak.
• We were meant to meet at 6.Soat 6 da uchrashishimiz kerak edi.

will va would — xarakter va odat

will — hozirgi xarakterli odat

will (urg‘usiz) — odamning odatiy, xarakterli xatti-harakati. Urg‘uli WILL — bezovta qiluvchi odat (norozilik).

• He will sit for hours watching TV.U soatlab televizor ko‘rib o‘tiradi. (odat)
• She will always help you if you ask.So‘rasangiz, u doim yordam beradi. (xarakter)
• He WILL keep talking in class!U darsda gapiravergani-gapiravergan! (norozilik)
• Boys will be boys.O‘g‘il bolalar — o‘g‘il bolalar-da. (maqol)

would — o‘tmishdagi odat va kutilgan xatti-harakat

• He would sit by the window for hours.U soatlab deraza yonida o‘tirardi. (o‘tmish odati)
• My grandmother would tell us stories every night.Buvim har oqshom bizga ertak aytib berardi.
• She would say that, wouldn’t she?Albatta, u shunday deydi-da. (kutilgan — uning xarakteri)
• He WOULD lose his keys on the day of the exam!U kalitlarini aynan imtihon kuni yo‘qotishi kerakmidi! (norozilik)

will — taxmin

will — hozir haqida ishonchli taxmin (must ga yaqin):

• That will be the postman.Bu pochtachi bo‘lsa kerak.
• You will be tired after your journey.Safardan keyin charchagan bo‘lsangiz kerak.
• He’ll have arrived by now.U hozirgacha yetib kelgan bo‘lsa kerak.

shall — taklif va huquqiy majburiyat

• Shall we start?Boshlaymizmi? (taklif)
• Shall I help you?Sizga yordam beraymi?
• The tenant shall pay the rent monthly.Ijarachi ijara haqini har oy to‘laydi. (huquqiy)
• All students shall attend the exam.Barcha talabalar imtihonda qatnashishlari shart. (rasmiy qoida)

Huquqiy va rasmiy hujjatlarda shall — majburiyat: “...shart, ...ishi kerak”.

dare va need

dare va need — ikki xil ishlaydi: oddiy fe’l sifatida ham, modal fe’l sifatida ham.

• How dare you!Qanday jur’at etasiz!
• I daren’t tell him.Unga aytishga jur’at etolmayman.
• Need I say more?Yana gapirishim kerakmi?
• You needn’t worry.Xavotir olishingiz shart emas.
• Don’t you dare touch it!Unga tegishga jur’at etma!
• I wouldn’t dare argue with my boss.Boshlig‘im bilan bahslashishga jur’at etmasdim.

Boshqa kuchli iboralar

• It may well rain.Yomg‘ir yog‘ishi ancha ehtimol.
• You might as well go home.Uyga keta qolganingiz ham ma’qul.
• You may as well try.Urinib ko‘rsangiz bo‘ladi.
• I can’t help laughing.Kulmasdan iloj yo‘q.
• You can’t be too careful.Qancha ehtiyot bo‘lsangiz ham kam.
• You can’t have too many friends.Do‘st hech qachon ko‘plik qilmaydi.

might as well

might / may as well — “boshqa yaxshiroq variant yo‘q, shuning uchun ...”

• The bus has gone. We might as well walk.Avtobus ketdi. Piyoda keta qolaylik.
• Nobody’s coming. We may as well start.Hech kim kelmayapti. Boshlay qolaylik.

be to — rasmiy buyruq va reja

• You are to report at 8.Soat 8 da hisobot berishingiz kerak. (buyruq)
• The president is to visit Fergana.Prezident Farg‘onaga tashrif buyuradi. (rasmiy reja)
• You are not to leave the building.Binodan chiqishingiz mumkin emas. (taqiq)

be bound to, be sure to

Aniq bo‘lishini bildiradi — “albatta, shubhasiz”.

• He’s bound to find out.U albatta bilib oladi.
• It’s bound to rain — it always does at weddings!Albatta yomg‘ir yog‘adi — to‘ylarda doim yog‘adi!
• Be sure to lock the door.Eshikni albatta qulflang.

Tanqid ohangi

might / could + have + V3 — tanqid, norozilik: “...sangiz bo‘lardi-ku!”

• You might have told me!Menga aytsangiz bo‘lardi-ku!
• You could at least say sorry.Hech bo‘lmasa kechirim so‘rashingiz mumkin edi.
• You might have warned me!Meni ogohlantirsangiz bo‘lardi!
• He could have helped, but he didn’t.U yordam bera olardi, lekin bermadi.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Vaziyatdan shaklni tanlang:

Misol: “Men ko‘p ovqat olib keldim, lekin hamma to‘q ekan.”

1. Ish qilindi (olib keldim), lekin shart emas edi → needn’t have + V3.

Misol: “Siz soat 9 da kelishingiz kerak edi!” (kelmadingiz)

1. Kutilgan, lekin bajarilmagan → were supposed to.

Misol: “Avtobus ketdi, taksi olaqolaylik.”

1. Boshqa variant yo‘q → might as well.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: needn’t have + V3 — qildim, keragi yo‘q ekan. didn’t need to — kerak emas edi. will / would — xarakterli odat. might as well — boshqa variant yo‘q.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Mehmondorchilikdan keyin

• — Thank you for the flowers! You needn’t have bought them!— Gullar uchun rahmat! Olib kelishingiz shart emas edi!
• — It was my pleasure. Oh, I was supposed to bring a cake too.— Mamnuniyat bilan. Voy, tort ham olib kelishim kerak edi.
• — Don’t worry, you didn’t need to. We have plenty.— Xavotir olmang, kerak emas edi. Bizda ko‘p.
• — Your son is so polite.— O‘g‘lingiz juda odobli.
• — Thank you, but he will leave his toys everywhere!— Rahmat, lekin u o‘yinchoqlarini hamma joyga tashlab yuraveradi!

Ofisda

Our manager will always arrive five minutes late — it’s just the way he is. Yesterday he was supposed to present the new project, but he forgot his laptop. Of course he would forget it on the most important day! We needn’t have prepared so many slides, because the meeting was cancelled. Well, we might as well use them next week. The director is bound to ask about it again.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. I ___ (buy) milk — there were three bottles in the fridge! (oldim, keragi yo‘q edi) → needn’t have bought
2. I ___ (go) to work yesterday — it was a holiday. (bormadim) → didn’t need to go
3. You ___ (supposed / call) me last night! → were supposed to call
4. It’s late. We ___ (as well / go) to bed. → might as well go
5. U albatta bilib oladi. → He’s bound to find out.
6. Qanday jur’at etasiz! → How dare you!
7. Menga aytsangiz bo‘lardi-ku! → You might have told me!
8. Xatoni toping: I needn’t to have worried. → I needn’t have worried.

Qisqa xulosa

• needn’t have + V3 — qilindi, lekin shart emas edi.
• didn’t need to — shart emas edi (odatda qilinmagan).
• be supposed to / be meant to — kutilgan, ko‘pincha bajarilmagan.
• will — xarakterli odat yoki ishonchli taxmin; would — o‘tmish odati, kutilgan xatti-harakat.
• shall — taklif (Shall we?) va huquqiy majburiyat.
• dare, need — modal sifatida: How dare you! Need I say more?
• may well — ancha ehtimol, might as well — boshqa variant yo‘q.
• be bound to — albatta; be to — rasmiy reja / buyruq.
• might / could have + V3 — tanqid.