Alternatives to If

Oddiy qilib aytganda

If — yagona shart so‘zi emas. Ingliz tilida shartni ifodalovchi ko‘plab boshqa so‘z va iboralar bor. Ular shartning turini aniqroq ko‘rsatadi:

• qat’iy shartmi (“faqat shunday bo‘lsa”)?
• ehtiyot chorasimi (“ehtimolga qarshi”)?
• “baribir” ma’nosimi (“hatto shunday bo‘lsa ham”)?
• inkor shartmi (“agar ... bo‘lmasa”)?

O‘zbekchada ham bunday farqlar bor: “agar”, “...sa bo‘ldi”, “...sha sharti bilan”, “ehtimolga qarshi”, “hatto ...sa ham”, “aks holda”. Bu so‘zlarni bilish nutqni ancha aniq va boy qiladi.

• I’ll go if it’s sunny.Quyoshli bo‘lsa, boraman. (oddiy shart)
• I’ll go unless it rains.Yomg‘ir yog‘masa, boraman. (inkor shart)
• I’ll go even if it rains.Yomg‘ir yog‘sa ham boraman. (shart ta’sir qilmaydi)
• Take an umbrella in case it rains.Yomg‘ir yog‘ib qolsa deb soyabon oling. (ehtiyot)

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. unless — inkor shart.
2. as long as, provided, on condition that — qat’iy shart.
3. in case — ehtiyot chorasi; if bilan farqi.
4. even if va even though.
5. suppose, what if — faraz.
6. otherwise, or else, but for, without va If it weren’t for.

unless — agar ... bo‘lmasa

unless = if ... not. O‘zi inkor ma’nosiga ega, shuning uchun undan keyin not qo‘yilmaydi.

• You won’t pass unless you study.O‘qimasangiz, o‘tmaysiz.
• I’ll go unless it rains.Yomg‘ir yog‘masa, boraman.
• Unless you hurry, we’ll miss the train.Shoshilmasangiz, poyezddan qolamiz.
• Don’t call me unless it’s an emergency.Favqulodda holat bo‘lmasa, qo‘ng‘iroq qilmang.

Unless you don’t study — xato (ikki inkor).

as long as, provided — qat’iy shart

Bu so‘zlar qat’iy, yagona shartni bildiradi: “faqat shunday bo‘lsa, ...”, “...sa bo‘ldi”.

• You can borrow my car as long as you drive carefully.Ehtiyotkorlik bilan haydasangiz bo‘ldi, mashinamni olishingiz mumkin.
• You can go out as long as you’re back by ten.O‘nga qaytsang bo‘ldi, tashqariga chiqishing mumkin.
• I’ll lend you the money provided that you pay it back next week.Kelasi hafta qaytarish sharti bilan pulni qarzga beraman.
• Providing the weather is good, we’ll have a picnic.Ob-havo yaxshi bo‘lsa, piknik qilamiz.
• He agreed to work on condition that he was paid in advance.U oldindan to‘lanishi sharti bilan ishlashga rozi bo‘ldi.

in case — ehtimolga qarshi

in case — “...ib qolsa deb, ehtimolga qarshi”. Bu ehtiyot chorasi: biz biror narsani hozir, oldindan qilamiz — keyin kerak bo‘lib qolishi mumkin.

• Take an umbrella in case it rains.Yomg‘ir yog‘ib qolsa deb, soyabon oling.
• Take my number in case you get lost.Adashib qolsangiz deb raqamimni oling.
• I’ll write it down in case I forget.Unutib qo‘ymay deb yozib qo‘yaman.
• Bring some money in case you need it.Kerak bo‘lib qolsa deb, biroz pul oling.

if va in case farqi

Bu juda muhim farq.

• I’ll take an umbrella if it rains.Yomg‘ir yog‘sa, soyabon olaman. (yog‘gandan keyin)
• I’ll take an umbrella in case it rains.Yomg‘ir yog‘ib qolsa deb, soyabon olaman. (oldindan)
• I’ll call you if I need help.Yordam kerak bo‘lsa, qo‘ng‘iroq qilaman.
• I’ll give you my number in case you need help.Yordam kerak bo‘lib qolsa deb, raqamimni beraman.

even if — hatto ...sa ham

even if — shart natijaga ta’sir qilmaydi: “bo‘lsa ham, bo‘lmasa ham, natija bir xil”.

• I’ll go even if you don’t come.Siz kelmasangiz ham boraman.
• Even if I had money, I wouldn’t buy that car.Pulim bo‘lganida ham, u mashinani olmasdim.
• She won’t forgive him even if he apologises.U kechirim so‘rasa ham, u uni kechirmaydi.

even if va even though

• Even if it rains, I’ll go.Yomg‘ir yog‘sa ham boraman. (bo‘lmasligi mumkin — faraz)
• Even though it’s raining, I’ll go.Yomg‘ir yog‘ayotgan bo‘lsa ham boraman. (yog‘yapti — fakt)

even if — faraz (bo‘lishi noma’lum), even though — fakt (haqiqatda shunday).

suppose, supposing, what if — faraz

Xayoliy vaziyatni tasavvur qilish va uning natijasi haqida o‘ylash uchun.

• Suppose you lost your job. What would you do?Faraz qilaylik, ishingizdan ayrildingiz. Nima qilardingiz?
• Supposing he doesn’t come, who will do it?U kelmasa, buni kim qiladi?
• What if it rains tomorrow?Ertaga yomg‘ir yog‘sa-chi?
• What if you had told the truth?Agar haqiqatni aytganingizda-chi?

Bu so‘zlar 1, 2 yoki 3-tur shart bilan ishlatilishi mumkin — ma’noga qarab.

otherwise va or else — aks holda

otherwise va or else — “aks holda, bo‘lmasa”. Ular birinchi gapdan keyin keladi va natijani ko‘rsatadi: agar birinchi narsa bajarilmasa, nima bo‘ladi.

• Hurry, otherwise we’ll be late.Shoshiling, aks holda kechikamiz.
• Call her, otherwise she’ll worry.Unga qo‘ng‘iroq qiling, aks holda xavotir oladi.
• Leave now, or else you’ll miss the bus.Hozir chiqing, bo‘lmasa avtobusdan qolasiz.
• I had a map. Otherwise, I would have got lost.Xaritam bor edi. Aks holda adashib qolgan bo‘lardim.

... bo‘lmaganida: but for, without, If it weren’t for

Biror narsa yoki odam bo‘lmaganida nima bo‘lishini aytish uchun.

• If it weren’t for you, I would fail.Siz bo‘lmaganingizda, muvaffaqiyatsiz bo‘lardim.
• If it hadn’t been for the rain, we would have won.Yomg‘ir bo‘lmaganida, yutgan bo‘lardik.
• Without your help, I couldn’t do it.Yordamingizsiz buni qila olmasdim.
• But for the traffic, we would have arrived on time.Tirbandlik bo‘lmaganida, vaqtida yetib kelgan bo‘lardik. (rasmiy)

Zamon qoidasi

if dagi kabi, bu so‘zlardan keyin ham kelajak uchun hozirgi zamon keladi — will ishlatilmaydi: unless, as long as, provided, in case, even if.

• Take a coat in case it rains.Yomg‘ir yog‘ib qolsa deb palto oling. (in case it will rain emas)
• As long as you study, you’ll pass.O‘qisangiz bo‘ldi, o‘tasiz.
• I’ll come unless I have to work.Ishlashim kerak bo‘lmasa, kelaman.

otherwise bundan mustasno, chunki u mustaqil gap boshlaydi: Hurry, otherwise we will be late.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Maqsadingizga qarab so‘z tanlang:

1. Inkor shart: unless.
2. Qat’iy shart: as long as, provided.
3. Ehtiyot chorasi: in case.
4. Natijaga ta’sir yo‘q: even if.
5. Bajarilmasa natija: otherwise.
6. Faraz: suppose, what if.

• You won’t pass unless you study.O‘qimasangiz, o‘tmaysiz.
• You can borrow it as long as you’re careful.Ehtiyot bo‘lsangiz, olishingiz mumkin.
• Take my number in case you get lost.Adashib qolsangiz deb raqamimni oling.
• I’ll go even if you don’t come.Siz kelmasangiz ham boraman.
• Call her, otherwise she’ll worry.Unga qo‘ng‘iroq qiling, aks holda xavotir oladi.

Misol: “Ota-onam ruxsat bersa bo‘ldi, men boraman.”

1. Qat’iy shart → as long as.
2. Hozirgi zamon (will yo‘q).

Misol: “Shoshilmasangiz, avtobusdan qolasiz.”

1. Inkor shart → unless (not yo‘q).

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: unless = if not, in case — oldindan ehtiyot, even if — baribir, as long as — sa bo‘ldi. Ulardan keyin — will yo‘q.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Ota-ona va o‘smir

• — Can I go to the concert tonight?— Bugun kechqurun konsertga borsam bo‘ladimi?
• — Yes, as long as you’re home by eleven.— Ha, o‘n birgacha uyda bo‘lsang bo‘ldi.
• — What if the concert finishes late?— Konsert kech tugasa-chi?
• — Then call me. Take your phone in case you need a taxi.— Unda qo‘ng‘iroq qil. Taksi kerak bo‘lib qolsa deb telefoningni ol.
• — OK. And unless you hear from me, I’ll be back at eleven.— Mayli. Sizga xabar bermasam, o‘n birda qaytaman.
• — Good. Otherwise, I’ll worry.— Yaxshi. Aks holda xavotir olaman.

Kichik matn

Before you travel to the mountains, check the weather. Unless the forecast is good, don’t go. Take warm clothes in case it gets cold at night. You can walk alone as long as you tell someone where you’re going. Always take water and a map — otherwise, you might get lost. Even if you know the area well, be careful. And remember: if it weren’t for good planning, many trips would end badly.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. I won’t go ___ you come with me. (inkor shart) → unless
2. Take some snacks ___ you get hungry. (ehtiyot) → in case
3. You can stay ___ you’re quiet. (qat’iy shart) → as long as
4. I’ll finish this ___ it takes all night. (baribir) → even if
5. Ertaga dars bo‘lmasa, kinoga boramiz. → We’ll go to the cinema unless there are classes tomorrow.
6. Siz bo‘lmaganingizda, men yutqazgan bo‘lardim. → If it hadn’t been for you, I would have lost.
7. Kiyining, aks holda kechikamiz. → Get dressed, otherwise we’ll be late.
8. Xatoni toping: Bring a jacket in case it will be cold. → Bring a jacket in case it is cold.

Qisqa xulosa

• unless = if not (yana not qo‘shilmaydi).
• as long as, provided (that), on condition that — qat’iy shart.
• in case — oldindan ehtiyot; if — shart bajarilgandan keyin.
• even if — natijaga ta’sir qilmaydi (faraz); even though — fakt.
• suppose, what if — faraz.
• otherwise, or else — aks holda.
• If it weren’t for / If it hadn’t been for / Without / But for — ... bo‘lmaganida.
• Shart qismida — will yo‘q (otherwise’dan tashqari).