Indefinite Pronouns

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Noaniq olmoshlar aniq bo‘lmagan odam, narsa yoki joy haqida gapirganda kerak: kimdir, nimadir, qayerdadir, hech kim, hamma narsa.

Ular ikki qismli konstruktor kabi yasaladi:

• birinchi qism (some, any, no, every) — miqdorni bildiradi;
• ikkinchi qism (-one / -body, -thing, -where) — turini bildiradi: odam, narsa yoki joy.

Qoida some va any darsidagi bilan bir xil: bo‘lishli gapda some-, inkor va savolda — any-.

-one va -body — bir xil ma’no: someone = somebody, nobody = no one. -body biroz norasmiyroq.

no one — ikki so‘z bo‘lib yoziladi (noone — xato). nobody, nothing, nowhere — bitta so‘z.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. some-, any-, no-, every- bilan yasalgan olmoshlar.
2. Bo‘lishli, inkor va savol gaplarda qaysi biri ishlatiladi.
3. Ikki inkor bo‘lmasligi.
4. Bu olmoshlar birlik — fe’l bilan moslik.
5. Olmoshdan keyin: sifat, to + fe’l, else.
6. Egalik va their bilan ishlatish.

Har bir guruh

some- — “qandaydir, biror”

Bo‘lishli gaplarda, mavjud, lekin noma’lum narsa yoki odam haqida.

• Someone is at the door.Eshik oldida kimdir bor.
• I need something to drink.Ichishga biror narsa kerak.
• I want to go somewhere warm.Issiq bir joyga bormoqchiman.
• Somebody called you this morning.Bugun ertalab sizga kimdir qo‘ng‘iroq qildi.
• I left my keys somewhere.Kalitlarimni qayergadir qoldiribman.

any- — inkor va savolda

Inkor gaplarda — “hech”, savolda — “biror”.

• Is there anything to eat?Yeydigan biror narsa bormi?
• Did you see anyone?Biror kimsani ko‘rdingizmi?
• I didn’t go anywhere at the weekend.Dam olish kunlari hech qayerga bormadim.
• There isn’t anything in the box.Qutida hech narsa yo‘q.
• Is anybody home?Uyda kimdir bormi?

any- bo‘lishli gapda “istalgan, kim bo‘lsa ham” ma’nosini beradi:

• Anyone can learn English.Ingliz tilini istalgan odam o‘rgana oladi.
• You can sit anywhere.Istalgan joyga o‘tirishingiz mumkin.
• I’ll do anything for you.Siz uchun nima bo‘lsa ham qilaman.

no- — “hech”

no- o‘zi inkor ma’nosiga ega. U bo‘lishli fe’l bilan ishlatiladi.

• Nobody knows.Hech kim bilmaydi.
• There is nothing in the fridge.Muzlatgichda hech narsa yo‘q.
• I have nowhere to go.Boradigan joyim yo‘q.
• No one called.Hech kim qo‘ng‘iroq qilmadi.
• — What did you buy? — Nothing.— Nima sotib oldingiz? — Hech narsa.

every- — “hamma, har”

• Everyone is here.Hamma shu yerda.
• Everything is ready.Hammasi tayyor.
• I looked everywhere for my phone.Telefonimni hamma joydan qidirdim.
• Everybody loves plov.Palovni hamma yaxshi ko‘radi.

Gap turiga qarab

Taklif va iltimosda — xuddi some dagi kabi — savolda ham some- ishlatiladi, chunki “ha” javobini kutamiz:

• Would you like something to drink?Biror narsa ichasizmi? (taklif)
• Can someone help me, please?Kimdir yordam bera oladimi? (iltimos)

Ikki inkor bo‘lmaydi

O‘zbekchada “hech kim kelmadi” deymiz — ikkala so‘z ham inkor (hech kim + kelmadi). Inglizchada esa gapda faqat bitta inkor bo‘ladi.

• Nobody came.Hech kim kelmadi. (fe’l bo‘lishli)
• I didn’t see anybody.Hech kimni ko‘rmadim. (any)
• I saw nobody.Hech kimni ko‘rmadim. (no + bo‘lishli fe’l)
• There is nothing here. = There isn’t anything here.Bu yerda hech narsa yo‘q.

I don’t know nothing — xato. To‘g‘ri: I don’t know anything yoki I know nothing.

Birlik fe’l bilan

Bu olmoshlarning hammasi — birlik. Ma’nosi “hamma” bo‘lsa ham, fe’l birlikda bo‘ladi.

• Everyone is here.Hamma shu yerda. (are emas)
• Everything is ready.Hammasi tayyor.
• Somebody has taken my pen.Kimdir ruchkamni olib ketibdi.
• Nobody knows the answer.Javobni hech kim bilmaydi.

Everyone are here — xato. O‘zbekchada ham “hamma keldi” (birlik shakli) deymiz.

Olmoshdan keyin

Sifat — keyin keladi

Odatda sifat otdan oldin keladi (a new car). Lekin noaniq olmoshlar bilan sifat keyin turadi.

• I want to try something new.Yangi biror narsani sinab ko‘rmoqchiman.
• Did you meet anyone interesting?Biror qiziqarli odam bilan tanishdingizmi?
• Let’s go somewhere quiet.Tinch bir joyga boraylik.
• There’s nothing wrong with it.Uning hech qanday aybi yo‘q.

New something — xato. To‘g‘ri: something new.

to + fe’l

• I need something to drink.Ichishga biror narsa kerak.
• There’s nothing to do here.Bu yerda qiladigan hech narsa yo‘q.
• I have nowhere to sleep.Uxlaydigan joyim yo‘q.
• Is there anything to eat?Yeydigan biror narsa bormi?

else — boshqa

else — “boshqa, yana”.

• Ask someone else.Boshqa birovdan so‘rang.
• Do you want anything else?Yana biror narsa xohlaysizmi?
• Everyone else went home.Qolganlarning hammasi uyga ketdi.
• Let’s go somewhere else.Boshqa joyga boraylik.

Egalik

Egalik ’s qo‘shib yasaladi:

• Somebody’s phone is ringing.Kimningdir telefoni jiringlayapti.
• This is nobody’s fault.Bu hech kimning aybi emas.
• Everyone’s opinion is important.Har kimning fikri muhim.

their bilan

Birlik bo‘lsa ham, everyone, someone, anybody ga ishora qilganda their / they ishlatiladi — chunki jinsi noma’lum.

• Everyone has their own room.Har kimning o‘z xonasi bor.
• Someone left their umbrella.Kimdir soyabonini qoldirib ketibdi.
• If anybody calls, tell them I’m busy.Kimdir qo‘ng‘iroq qilsa, band ekanimni ayting.

Rasmiyroq uslubda his or her ham ishlatiladi, lekin zamonaviy inglizchada their keng tarqalgan.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Olmoshni yig‘ib oling:

1. Odam, narsa yoki joymi? → -one / -thing / -where.
2. Gap turi qanday? Bo‘lishli — some, inkor va savol — any, “hech” — no, “hamma” — every.

• I need something to drink.Ichishga biror narsa kerak.
• There isn’t anything in the box.Qutida hech narsa yo‘q.
• There is nothing in the box.Qutida hech narsa yo‘q.
• Is anybody home?Uyda kimdir bormi?
• Let’s go somewhere quiet.Tinch bir joyga boraylik.

Misol: “Bu yerda hech kimni tanimayman.”

1. Odam → -one / -body.
2. Inkor gap (tanimayman) → not + any-: don’t know anyone.
3. Yoki no- + bo‘lishli fe’l: know nobody.

Misol: “Qiziqarli biror narsa bormi?”

1. Narsa → -thing. Savol → any-: anything.
2. Sifat — keyin: anything interesting.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: bo‘lishli — some-, inkor va savol — any-, “hech” — no- (bo‘lishli fe’l bilan). Fe’l doim birlikda.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Mehmonxonada

• — Is there anything I can do for you?— Sizga biror narsa qila olamanmi?
• — Yes. I lost my phone somewhere in the hotel.— Ha. Telefonimni mehmonxonaning qayeridadir yo‘qotib qo‘ydim.
• — Did you look everywhere in your room?— Xonangizning hamma joyini qaradingizmi?
• — Yes, but I couldn’t find it anywhere.— Ha, lekin hech qayerdan topa olmadim.
• — Don’t worry. Somebody may have found it. I’ll ask everyone.— Xavotir olmang. Kimdir topgan bo‘lishi mumkin. Hammadan so‘rayman.

Kichik matn

Last Sunday was a strange day. I woke up and nobody was at home. Everyone had gone somewhere. I looked for food, but there was nothing in the fridge. I wanted to call someone, but my phone didn’t work. There was nothing to do and nowhere to go. Then I heard a noise. Somebody was at the door. It was my family with a big cake! Everybody shouted, “Happy birthday!” I had forgotten everything — even my own birthday!

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. There’s ___ at the door. Can you open it? → someone / somebody
2. I didn’t buy ___ at the market. → anything
3. ___ knows the answer. It’s too difficult. → Nobody / No one
4. ___ is ready. Let’s start. → Everything
5. Yeydigan biror narsa bormi? → Is there anything to eat?
6. Boshqa birovdan so‘rang. → Ask someone else.
7. Hamma shu yerda. → Everyone is here.
8. Xatoni toping: I didn’t see nothing. → I didn’t see anything. / I saw nothing.

Qisqa xulosa

• some- / any- / no- / every- + one / body / thing / where.
• Bo‘lishli — some-, inkor va savol — any-, “hech” — no-, “hamma” — every-.
• Taklif va iltimosda — some-: Would you like something?
• Bir gapda ikki inkor yo‘q: Nobody came. I didn’t see anybody.
• Fe’l birlikda: everyone is.
• Sifat keyin keladi: something new.
• + to: something to eat; + else: someone else.
• Ishora — their / they: Everyone has their own room.