Punctuation

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Tinish belgilari — yozuvdagi nafas olish va pauza. Nutqda ohang ko‘rsatadigan narsani yozuvda shu belgilar ko‘rsatadi. Bitta vergul ma’noni butunlay o‘zgartirishi mumkin:

• Let’s eat, Ali!Ovqatlanaylik, Ali! (Aliga murojaat)
• Let’s eat Ali!Alini yeylik! (kulgili xato)

Ingliz va o‘zbek tinish belgilari deyarli bir xil, lekin ba’zi joylarda farq qiladi — ayniqsa vergul, apostrof, qo‘shtirnoq va bosh harflarda. Bu farqlarni bilish yozma ishlaringizni (IELTS, xatlar, insholar) professional qiladi.

Yozma nutqning sifati tinish belgilaridan ham ko‘rinadi. Ko‘p o‘quvchilar grammatikani yaxshi bilsa ham, vergul xatolari tufayli ball yo‘qotadi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Vergul — eng muhim qoidalar.
2. Ikki mustaqil gap: nuqta, nuqtali vergul, bog‘lovchi.
3. Ikki nuqta, nuqtali vergul va tire.
4. Apostrof: qisqartma va egalik.
5. Qo‘shtirnoq, chiziqcha va tire.
6. Bosh harflar va eng ko‘p xatolar.

Vergul (,)

Asosiy qoidalar

• I bought eggs, milk and bread.Tuxum, sut va non oldim. (ro‘yxat)
• However, we decided to stay.Biroq biz qolishga qaror qildik. (kirish so‘zi)
• In 2020, we moved to Tashkent.2020-yilda Toshkentga ko‘chdik. (kirish ibora)
• My sister, who is a nurse, lives here.Hamshira bo‘lgan singlim shu yerda yashaydi. (qo‘shimcha ma’lumot)
• When I arrived, she left.Men kelganimda, u ketdi. (ergash gap oldin)

Ergash gap oldin va keyin

Ergash gap (when, if, because, although) boshda kelsa — vergul. Asosiy gap oldin kelsa — odatda vergul yo‘q.

• When I arrived, she left.Men kelganimda, u ketdi. (vergul bor)
• She left when I arrived.U men kelganimda ketdi. (vergul yo‘q)
• If it rains, we’ll stay at home.Yomg‘ir yog‘sa, uyda qolamiz.
• We’ll stay at home if it rains.Yomg‘ir yog‘sa, uyda qolamiz.

Oxford vergul

Ro‘yxatda oxirgi and dan oldingi vergul — Oxford vergul (ixtiyoriy). U ba’zan ma’noni aniqroq qiladi:

• I love my parents, Ali, and Vali.Ota-onamni, Alini va Valini yaxshi ko‘raman. (to‘rt kishi)
• I love my parents, Ali and Vali.Ota-onam Ali va Valini yaxshi ko‘raman. (ota-onaning ismlari Ali va Vali!)

Amerikada Oxford vergul ko‘proq ishlatiladi, Britaniyada — kamroq. Asosiysi — izchil bo‘ling.

Ikki mustaqil gap

Vergul ikki to‘liq gapni bog‘lay olmaydi. Bu ingliz yozuvidagi eng ko‘p uchraydigan xato (comma splice). O‘zbek tilida bu ko‘pincha mumkin, shuning uchun o‘zbek o‘quvchilari bu xatoni tez-tez qiladi.

• It was late; we went home.Kech bo‘ldi; uyga ketdik. (nuqtali vergul)
• It was late. We went home.Kech bo‘ldi. Uyga ketdik. (nuqta)
• It was late, so we went home.Kech bo‘lgani uchun uyga ketdik. (bog‘lovchi)

However ham ikki gapni vergul bilan bog‘lay olmaydi:

• The film was long. However, it was interesting.Film uzun edi. Biroq qiziqarli edi. (to‘g‘ri)
• The film was long; however, it was interesting.(to‘g‘ri)
• The film was long, however it was interesting.(xato)

Ikki nuqta, nuqtali vergul va tire

Ikki nuqta (:)

Ro‘yxat, izoh yoki tushuntirishdan oldin. Undan oldin to‘liq gap bo‘lishi kerak.

• I need three things: time, money and luck.Menga uchta narsa kerak: vaqt, pul va omad.
• There’s only one problem: we have no money.Faqat bitta muammo bor: pulimiz yo‘q.
• She had one dream: to become a doctor.Uning bitta orzusi bor edi: shifokor bo‘lish.

Nuqtali vergul (;)

Mazmunan bog‘liq ikki mustaqil gapni bog‘laydi. Nuqtadan yumshoqroq, verguldan kuchliroq.

• Some like tea; others prefer coffee.Ba’zilar choyni yoqtiradi; boshqalar qahvani afzal ko‘radi.
• I have a big exam tomorrow; I can’t go out tonight.Ertaga katta imtihonim bor; bugun chiqa olmayman.

Murakkab ro‘yxatda (ichida vergul bor) ham ishlatiladi: We visited Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Almaty, Kazakhstan; and Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.

Tire (—)

Urg‘u, to‘satdan o‘zgarish yoki qo‘shimcha izoh uchun. Rasmiy yozuvda kamroq ishlatiladi.

• He left — and never came back.U ketdi — va hech qachon qaytmadi.
• He came — late, as usual.U keldi — odatdagidek kech.
• Three cities — Samarkand, Bukhara and Khiva — are on the Silk Road.Uchta shahar — Samarqand, Buxoro va Xiva — Ipak yo‘lida joylashgan.

Apostrof (’)

Apostrof ikki vazifani bajaradi:

Qisqartma

• It’s raining.Yomg‘ir yog‘yapti. (it is)
• I don’t know.Bilmayman. (do not)
• They’re here.Ular shu yerda. (they are)
• Who’s that?U kim? (who is)

Egalik

• Ali’s carAlining mashinasi (birlik — ’s)
• the students’ bookstalabalarning kitoblari (-s li ko‘plik — ’)
• the children’s toysbolalarning o‘yinchoqlari (noto‘g‘ri ko‘plik — ’s)

Ko‘p uchraydigan apostrof xatolari

that, which va vergul

• The car that I bought is red.Men olgan mashina qizil. (vergulsiz — aniqlovchi)
• My car, which is red, is old.Qizil mashinam eski. (vergul bilan — qo‘shimcha)

Qo‘shtirnoq (“ ”)

Inglizchada nuqta va vergul qo‘shtirnoq ichida (ayniqsa Amerikada):

• He said, “I’m tired.”U dedi: “Charchadim.”
• “I’m tired,” he said.“Charchadim”, dedi u.
• She asked, “Are you coming?”U so‘radi: “Kelasizmi?”

O‘zbekchadan farq: o‘zbekchada so‘zlovchi so‘zidan keyin ikki nuqta (U dedi:), inglizchada esa ko‘pincha vergul (He said,).

Britaniyada ko‘pincha bitta qo‘shtirnoq ishlatiladi: He said, ‘I’m tired.’

Chiziqcha (-) va tire (—)

• a well-known writertaniqli yozuvchi (chiziqcha)
• a ten-year-old boyo‘n yoshli bola
• my mother-in-lawqaynonam

Bosh harflar

Ingliz tilida o‘zbek tilidan farqli ravishda ko‘p so‘zlar katta harf bilan yoziladi:

Kichik harf bilan: fasllar — spring, summer, autumn, winter.

• I speak English and Uzbek.Men ingliz va o‘zbek tillarida gapiraman.
• We meet every Monday in May.Biz may oyida har dushanba uchrashamiz.
• I love summer.Yozni yaxshi ko‘raman. (fasl — kichik harf)

Bosqichma-bosqich

Gapni tekshirish tartibi:

1. Ikkita to‘liq gapmi? Nuqta, nuqtali vergul yoki bog‘lovchi qo‘ying (vergul emas!).
2. Kirish so‘zi bormi? (However, In 2020, Firstly) Undan keyin vergul.
3. Ergash gap boshdami? Undan keyin vergul.
4. Ro‘yxat bormi? Elementlar orasida vergul; oxirgi and dan oldingi vergul ixtiyoriy.
5. Qo‘shimcha ma’lumot bormi? Ikki tomondan vergul.
6. Egalikmi yoki qisqartmami? Apostrofni tekshiring (its / it’s).
7. Tillar, kunlar, oylar — katta harf.

Misol: however i think its a good idea we should try it

1. However — kirish so‘zi → However,.
2. i → I.
3. its = it is → it’s.
4. Ikki mustaqil gap: I think it’s a good idea + we should try it → nuqta yoki so.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: vergul ikki to‘liq gapni bog‘lamaydi — nuqta, nuqtali vergul yoki bog‘lovchi kerak. Kirish so‘zidan keyin — vergul. its (egalik) ≠ it’s (it is).

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Xatni tuzatish

Xatolar bilan:

dear mr karimov, i am writing to complain about my order, it arrived late and the box was damaged, however the product itself works well. Its a pity because i ordered it for my sons birthday on monday.

To‘g‘ri:

Dear Mr Karimov,

I am writing to complain about my order. It arrived late, and the box was damaged. However, the product itself works well. It’s a pity because I ordered it for my son’s birthday on Monday.

Har bir tuzatishni toping: katta harflar, vergul, nuqta, apostroflar.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Tuzating: I was tired, I went to bed. → I was tired, so I went to bed. / I was tired. I went to bed.
2. Tuzating: however the results were good. → However, the results were good.
3. its yoki it’s? ___ raining. / The dog wagged ___ tail. → It’s / its
4. Tuzating: My brother who lives in London is a doctor. (bitta akam bor) → My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor.
5. Tuzating: i study english on mondays. → I study English on Mondays.
6. Tuzating: the childrens toys → the children’s toys
7. Ikki nuqta qo‘ying: I need two things time and patience. → I need two things: time and patience.
8. Xatoni toping: Your welcome! → You’re welcome!

Qisqa xulosa

• Vergul ikki to‘liq gapni bog‘lamaydi — nuqta, nuqtali vergul (;) yoki bog‘lovchi kerak.
• Kirish so‘zi va boshdagi ergash gapdan keyin — vergul.
• Qo‘shimcha ma’lumot — ikki tomondan vergul.
• Ikki nuqta (:) — ro‘yxat yoki izoh; nuqtali vergul (;) — bog‘liq ikki gap; tire (—) — urg‘u.
• Apostrof: qisqartma (it’s, don’t) va egalik (Ali’s, students’).
• its — egalik, it’s — it is; you’re — you are.
• I, tillar, millatlar, kunlar, oylar — katta harf; fasllar — kichik.
• Qo‘shtirnoqda nuqta va vergul — ichida.