Comparative Adjectives

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Qiyosiy daraja — ikki narsani tarozida tortish. Qaysi biri kattaroq, arzonroq, qiziqroq?

O‘zbekchada sifatga -roq qo‘shib, solishtirilgan narsaga -dan qo‘shamiz: Ali Validan balandroq. Inglizchada ham ikki qism bor:

1. sifatga -er qo‘shiladi (yoki oldiga more qo‘yiladi) — o‘zbekchadagi -roq;
2. o‘rtaga than qo‘yiladi — o‘zbekchadagi -dan.

• Ali is taller than Vali.Ali Validan balandroq.
• My car is older than yours.Mening mashinam siznikidan eskiroq.
• This book is more interesting than that one.Bu kitob anavisidan qiziqroq.

Qaysi usul tanlanishi so‘z uzunligiga bog‘liq. Qisqa so‘zga -er oson yopishadi: tall → taller. Uzun so‘zga qo‘shimcha qo‘shish noqulay (“interestinger” — juda uzun!), shuning uchun oldiga more qo‘yiladi: more interesting.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. -er va more qoidalari, imlo o‘zgarishlari.
2. Noto‘g‘ri shakllar: better, worse, further.
3. than bilan taqqoslash va than me / than I am.
4. as ... as — tenglik; not as ... as — teng emas.
5. Farqni kuchaytirish: much, a lot, a bit.
6. less, ravishlar bilan taqqoslash va eng ko‘p xatolar.

Bir bo‘g‘inli sifatlar: -er

Ko‘pchilik qisqa sifatlarga shunchaki -er qo‘shiladi.

Imlo qoidalari

Undosh ikkilanishi faqat bitta unli + bitta undosh bilan tugaganda: big, hot, fat, wet, sad, thin. Ikkita unli bo‘lsa — ikkilanmaydi: cheap → cheaper (cheapper emas), clean → cleaner.

Uzun sifatlar: more

Ikki va undan ko‘p bo‘g‘inli sifatlarda more + sifat ishlatiladi. Sifatning o‘zi o‘zgarmaydi.

• more interestingqiziqroq
• more expensiveqimmatroq
• more beautifulchiroyliroq
• more comfortablequlayroq
• more importantmuhimroq
• more difficultqiyinroq

Ikki bo‘g‘inli sifatlar

Ikki bo‘g‘inli sifatlar ikki guruhga bo‘linadi:

• -y bilan tugasa — -ier: easy → easier, happy → happier, funny → funnier, pretty → prettier;
• boshqalari ko‘pincha more: more careful, more modern, more famous, more boring.

Ba’zi ikki bo‘g‘inli sifatlar ikkala usulda ham bo‘ladi: quiet → quieter / more quiet, clever → cleverer / more clever, simple → simpler / more simple.

Noto‘g‘ri shakllar

Eng ko‘p ishlatiladigan sifatlar qoidaga bo‘ysunmaydi. Ularni yodlash kerak.

• Your English is better than mine.Sizning inglizchangiz menikidan yaxshiroq.
• The weather today is worse than yesterday.Bugun havo kechagidan yomonroq.
• Bukhara is further from here than Samarkand.Buxoro bu yerdan Samarqanddan uzoqroq.
• I have more free time than you.Mening bo‘sh vaqtim sizdan ko‘proq.

Gooder, badder, more good — xato. Faqat better, worse.

further — ham masofa, ham “qo‘shimcha” ma’nosida: further information (qo‘shimcha ma’lumot). farther — faqat masofa.

than bilan taqqoslash

• My brother is taller than me.Akam mendan balandroq.
• This book is more interesting than that one.Bu kitob anavisidan qiziqroq.
• Tashkent is bigger than Samarkand.Toshkent Samarqanddan kattaroq.
• She is as tall as her mother.U onasidek baland.
• Today isn’t as cold as yesterday.Bugun kechagidek sovuq emas.

than dan keyin: me yoki I am?

• She is older than me.U mendan kattaroq. (so‘zlashuv)
• She is older than I am.U mendan kattaroq. (rasmiyroq)
• He runs faster than I do.U mendan tezroq yuguradi.

Than I (fe’lsiz) — eski va juda rasmiy eshitiladi. So‘zlashuvda than me tabiiy.

Taqqoslanuvchi qism tushib qolishi

Agar nima bilan taqqoslanayotgani tushunarli bo‘lsa, than qismi tushib qolishi mumkin:

• This phone is good, but that one is better.Bu telefon yaxshi, lekin anavisi yaxshiroq.
• Can you speak louder?Balandroq gapira olasizmi?
• I need a bigger bag.Menga kattaroq sumka kerak.

Tenglik: as ... as

Ikki narsa bir xil bo‘lsa, as + sifat + as ishlatiladi. Bu yerda sifat o‘zgarmaydi (-er yo‘q).

• Ali is as tall as his father.Ali otasidek baland.
• This exam was as difficult as the last one.Bu imtihon oldingisidek qiyin edi.
• My bag is as heavy as yours.Mening sumkam siznikidek og‘ir.
• Come as soon as possible.Iloji boricha tezroq keling.

not as ... as — teng emas

not as ... as — “...dek emas”, ya’ni kamroq.

• Today isn’t as hot as yesterday.Bugun kechagidek issiq emas. (= kecha issiqroq edi)
• My phone isn’t as expensive as yours.Mening telefonim siznikidek qimmat emas.
• The film wasn’t as good as the book.Film kitobdek yaxshi emas edi.

Farqni kuchaytirish

Farq katta yoki kichik ekanini ko‘rsatish uchun qiyosiy shakl oldiga so‘z qo‘yiladi.

• It’s much cheaper.Bu ancha arzonroq.
• I feel a bit better.O‘zimni biroz yaxshiroq his qilyapman.
• Moscow is a lot colder than Tashkent.Moskva Toshkentdan ancha sovuqroq.
• This hotel is far more comfortable.Bu mehmonxona ancha qulayroq.

Very bigger — xato. Qiyosiy shakl bilan very ishlatilmaydi — much yoki a lot.

Borgan sari: -er and -er

“Borgan sari ...” degan ma’no uchun qiyosiy shakl takrorlanadi:

• It’s getting colder and colder.Havo borgan sari sovib boryapti.
• Prices are getting higher and higher.Narxlar borgan sari oshib boryapti.
• Your English is getting better and better.Ingliz tilingiz borgan sari yaxshilanyapti.
• Life is becoming more and more expensive.Hayot borgan sari qimmatlashib boryapti.

“Kamroq” deyish

“Kamroq ...” degan ma’no uchun ikki usul bor:

So‘zlashuvda not as ... as tabiiyroq. less odatda uzun sifatlar bilan ishlatiladi: less expensive, less important. Qisqa sifatlarda (less tall, less big) g‘alati eshitiladi — not as tall as yaxshiroq.

Ravishlar bilan

Ravishlarni ham taqqoslash mumkin. Qoida o‘xshash:

• She runs faster than me.U mendan tezroq yuguradi.
• Please speak more slowly.Iltimos, sekinroq gapiring.
• He drives more carefully than his brother.U akasidan ehtiyotkorroq haydaydi.
• I can swim better now.Endi yaxshiroq suza olaman.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Misol: “Bu telefon anavisidan qimmatroq.”

1. Sifatni toping: qimmat → expensive.
2. Necha bo‘g‘in? Uch bo‘g‘in, uzun → more expensive.
3. than qo‘shing: more expensive than.
4. Gapni yig‘ing.

Qisqa sifat bilan: This phone is cheaper than that one.

Misol: “Mening akam mendan ancha baland.”

1. Sifat: baland → tall (bir bo‘g‘in) → taller.
2. Katta farq → much taller.
3. than me.

Misol: “Bugun kechagidek sovuq emas.”

1. Teng emas → not as ... as.
2. Sifat: cold (o‘zgarmaydi).

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: qisqa sifat — -er + than, uzun sifat — more + sifat + than. Tenglik — as ... as.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Do‘konda

• — Which laptop is better, this one or that one?— Qaysi noutbuk yaxshiroq, bumi yoki anavimi?
• — This one is faster and lighter, but it’s more expensive.— Bunisi tezroq va yengilroq, lekin qimmatroq.
• — Is the other one much cheaper?— Anavisi ancha arzonmi?
• — Yes, it’s a lot cheaper, but it isn’t as good as this one.— Ha, ancha arzon, lekin bunchalik yaxshi emas.

Ikki shaharni taqqoslash

Tashkent is bigger and busier than Samarkand. It has a larger population and the buildings are more modern. But Samarkand is older and, for many people, more beautiful. Life in Samarkand is quieter and cheaper. The summer in Samarkand isn’t as hot as in Tashkent, and the people are just as friendly.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. small → smaller; hot → hotter
2. happy → happier; beautiful → more beautiful
3. good → better; bad → worse
4. A car is ___ (fast) than a bike. → faster
5. Bu kitob anavisidan qiziqroq. → This book is more interesting than that one.
6. U menga o‘xshab baland. → He is as tall as me.
7. Bugun kechagidan ancha issiq. → Today is much hotter than yesterday.
8. Xatoni toping: My sister is more young than me. → My sister is younger than me.

Qisqa xulosa

• Qisqa sifat: -er + than: taller than.
• Uzun sifat: more + sifat + than: more interesting than.
• Imlo: nice → nicer, big → bigger, easy → easier.
• Noto‘g‘ri: good → better, bad → worse, far → further.
• Tenglik: as + sifat + as; teng emas: not as ... as.
• Farq: much / a lot (katta), a bit / a little (kichik); very emas.
• Borgan sari: colder and colder, more and more expensive.
• So‘zlashuvda than me, rasmiy uslubda than I am.