Possessives

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Egalik — “kimniki?” savoliga javob. O‘zbekchada egalikni ko‘pincha ikki joyda belgilaymiz: “mening kitobim”, “uning uyi”. Ingliz tilida esa bitta so‘z yetadi: my book, his house. Kitob so‘ziga hech narsa qo‘shilmaydi.

Ingliz tilida egalik uch xil yo‘l bilan aytiladi:

1. Egalik olmoshlari (otdan oldin): my, your, his, her, its, our, their;
2. Mustaqil egalik olmoshlari (yolg‘iz): mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs;
3. ’s (otlarga qo‘shiladi): Ali’s car, my mother’s name.

My va mine farqi oddiy. My yonida ot bo‘lishi shart, u yolg‘iz turolmaydi. Mine esa otsiz yolg‘iz turadi, chunki ot allaqachon ma’lum.

• This is my book.Bu mening kitobim.
• This book is mine.Bu kitob meniki.
• Their house is big.Ularning uyi katta.
• That car is hers.U mashina uniki (ayolniki).

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. my, your, his, her, its, our, their — otdan oldin.
2. mine, yours, hers, ours, theirs — yolg‘iz.
3. his va her ni to‘g‘ri tanlash.
4. Otlarga ’s qo‘shish: birlik, ko‘plik, noto‘g‘ri ko‘plik.
5. ’s va of farqi.
6. Whose? savoli va its / it’s tuzog‘i.

Egalik olmoshlari: otdan oldin

Bu olmoshlar doim otdan oldin keladi va o‘zgarmaydi — ot birlikmi, ko‘plikmi, farqi yo‘q.

• My name is Aziz.Mening ismim Aziz.
• Is this your bag?Bu sizning sumkangizmi?
• His sister is a doctor.Uning (erkakning) opasi shifokor.
• Her brothers are students.Uning (ayolning) akalari talaba.
• The cat is eating its food.Mushuk ovqatini yeyapti.
• Our teacher is very kind.Bizning o‘qituvchimiz juda mehribon.
• Their children go to school.Ularning bolalari maktabga boradi.

Diqqat: egalik olmoshi bilan a / an / the birga kelmaydi:

• the my book — xato → my book;
• a my friend — xato → a friend of mine yoki my friend.

O‘z tana a’zolari va narsalar

O‘zbekchada “Qo‘limni yuvdim” deymiz — egalik qo‘shimcha orqali. Inglizchada esa tana a’zolari va shaxsiy narsalardan oldin egalik olmoshi albatta qo‘yiladi, the emas.

• I washed my hands.Qo‘limni yuvdim.
• She brushed her teeth.U tishini yuvdi.
• He put on his coat.U paltosini kiydi.
• Open your books, please.Kitoblaringizni oching, iltimos.
• I’ve lost my keys.Kalitlarimni yo‘qotib qo‘ydim.

I washed hands yoki I washed the hands — noto‘g‘ri.

Mustaqil egalik olmoshlari: yolg‘iz

Mine, yours, hers, ours, theirs otsiz ishlatiladi. Ular takrorlashdan qochish uchun kerak: “Bu mening kitobim emas, seniki”.

• This isn’t my pen. It’s yours.Bu mening ruchkam emas. Seniki.
• Whose bag is this? — It’s hers.Bu kimning sumkasi? — Uniki.
• Your house is big, but ours is small.Sizning uyingiz katta, bizniki esa kichik.
• These seats are theirs.Bu o‘rindiqlar ularniki.
• Is this coffee mine or yours?Bu qahva menikimi yoki sizniki?

Diqqat: mustaqil olmoshlarda apostrof yo‘q: yours, hers, ours, theirs. Your’s, her’s — xato.

a friend of mine

“Mening do‘stlarimdan biri” degan ma’noda a friend of mine ishlatiladi:

• A friend of mine works in Dubai.Bir do‘stim Dubayda ishlaydi.
• She is a colleague of ours.U bizning hamkasblarimizdan biri.
• He’s a cousin of hers.U uning amakivachchalaridan biri.

his yoki her?

Bu o‘zbek o‘quvchilari uchun eng qiyin nuqta. O‘zbekchada “uning” — bitta so‘z. Ingliz tilida esa egasining jinsiga qarab tanlanadi:

Muhim: his / her narsaga emas, egaga moslashadi. Fransuz yoki rus tilidan farqli o‘laroq, “ona” ayol bo‘lgani uchun her qo‘yilmaydi.

• Ali loves his mother.Ali onasini yaxshi ko‘radi. (egasi Ali — erkak, his)
• Malika loves her father.Malika otasini yaxshi ko‘radi. (egasi Malika — ayol, her)
• Bobur called his sister.Bobur singlisiga qo‘ng‘iroq qildi.
• Zarina called her brother.Zarina akasiga qo‘ng‘iroq qildi.
• The company changed its name.Kompaniya nomini o‘zgartirdi.

Otlarda egalik: ’s

Odamlar va hayvonlarning egaligi otga ’s (apostrof + s) qo‘shish orqali aytiladi. O‘zbekchadagi -ning qo‘shimchasiga o‘xshaydi.

Birlik

• Ali’s phone is new.Alining telefoni yangi.
• This is my father’s car.Bu otamning mashinasi.
• The teacher’s desk is near the window.O‘qituvchining stoli deraza yonida.
• My sister’s name is Gulnora.Opamning ismi Gulnora.

Ism -s bilan tugasa ham, odatda ’s qo‘shiladi: James’s car, Abbos’s house. James’ car ham uchraydi va xato emas.

Ko‘plik

Ko‘plikdagi ot -s bilan tugasa, faqat apostrof qo‘shiladi. Talaffuz o‘zgarmaydi.

• my brother’s roomakamning xonasi (bitta aka)
• my brothers’ roomakalarimning xonasi (bir nechta aka)
• the girls’ schoolqizlar maktabi
• our neighbours’ gardenqo‘shnilarimizning bog‘i

Noto‘g‘ri ko‘plikda (children, men, women, people) yana ’s qo‘shiladi: the children’s room, men’s shoes, people’s opinions.

Ikki kishiga tegishli bo‘lsa

• Ali and Malika’s houseAli va Malikaning (umumiy) uyi
• Ali’s and Malika’s phonesAlining va Malikaning (alohida) telefonlari

Ot yolg‘iz turishi mumkin

Ot ma’lum bo‘lsa, ’s dan keyin uni tushirib qoldirish mumkin — xuddi mine kabi:

• Whose book is this? — It’s Ali’s.Bu kimning kitobi? — Alining.
• I’m going to my grandmother’s.Buvimnikiga ketyapman. (house tushib qolgan)
• I bought it at the baker’s.Buni novvoyxonadan oldim.

’s yoki of?

Umumiy qoida:

• Odamlar, hayvonlar, tashkilotlar uchun — ’s;
• Narsalar va mavhum tushunchalar uchun — of.

Vaqt iboralarida ham ’s ishlatiladi: today’s newspaper, yesterday’s lesson, a week’s holiday, two hours’ drive.

Whose? — Kimning?

Egalikni so‘rash uchun Whose so‘roq so‘zi ishlatiladi.

• Whose phone is this?Bu kimning telefoni?
• Whose is this phone?Bu telefon kimniki?
• Whose children are these?Bu kimning bolalari?
• — Whose keys are these? — They’re mine.— Bu kimning kalitlari? — Meniki.

Whose va who’s talaffuzi bir xil, lekin ma’nosi boshqa: who’s = who is yoki who has. Who’s that man? — U odam kim?

Bosqichma-bosqich

Egalikni aytishda shu tartibda o‘ylang.

1. Egasi olmoshmi yoki otmi? Olmosh bo‘lsa — jadvaldan tanlang. Ot bo‘lsa — ’s qo‘shing.
2. Egasi kim? Erkak — his, ayol — her, narsa — its, ko‘plik — their.
3. Keyin ot bormi? Bor bo‘lsa my / your / her, yo‘q bo‘lsa mine / yours / hers.
4. Egasi odammi yoki narsami? Odam — ’s, narsa — of.

Misol: “Bu mening onamning mashinasi.”

1. Ega: mening onam → my mother.
2. Odam → ’s: my mother’s.
3. Ot: mashina → car.

Misol: “Bu telefon uniki (qizniki), meniki emas.”

1. Ot (telefon) allaqachon aytilgan → yolg‘iz shakl.
2. Ayol → hers, men → mine.

• Is this your pen? — No, it’s hers.Bu sizning ruchkangizmi? — Yo‘q, uniki.
• Whose phone is this? — It’s Ali’s.Bu kimning telefoni? — Alining.
• My car is old, but yours is new.Mening mashinam eski, siznikisi yangi.

’s qachon “is”, qachon egalik?

’s uch xil ma’noda kelishi mumkin. Undan keyin nima kelishiga qarang:

its yoki it’s?

Bu hatto inglizlarning o‘zi ham ko‘p xato qiladigan joy.

Tekshirish usuli: o‘rniga it is qo‘yib ko‘ring. Ma’no saqlansa — it’s, aks holda — its.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: my, your, her — doim ot bilan. mine, yours, hers — doim yolg‘iz. his — ikkala holatda bir xil.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Mehmonxonada

• — Is this your suitcase?— Bu sizning chamadoningizmi?
• — No, mine is black. That’s my wife’s.— Yo‘q, meniki qora. Bu xotinimniki.
• — And these bags?— Bu sumkalar-chi?
• — They’re our children’s.— Ular bolalarimizniki.

Kichik matn: “Bizning oila”

This is my family. My father’s name is Rustam and my mother’s name is Dilfuza. Their house is in Namangan. My brother lives in Tashkent with his wife. Her name is Lola. Their son is three. His favourite toy is a red car. Every summer we all go to our grandparents’ village.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. This is (my / mine) phone. → my
2. This phone is (my / mine). → mine
3. Sardor and (his / her) wife live in Bukhara. → his
4. Nodira called (his / her) mother. → her
5. Bu otamning mashinasi. → This is my father’s car.
6. Ota-onamning uyi katta. → My parents’ house is big.
7. ___ bag is this? → Whose
8. The cat is cleaning (its / it’s) paws. → its

Qisqa xulosa

• Ot oldida: my, your, his, her, its, our, their.
• Yolg‘iz: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs (apostrofsiz).
• his / her — egasining jinsiga qarab, narsaga qarab emas.
• Odamlarga ’s: Ali’s book; -s li ko‘plikka faqat ’: my parents’ house.
• Narsalar uchun ko‘pincha of: the end of the film.
• Tana a’zolari oldida egalik olmoshi: I washed my hands.
• Savol: Whose ...?
• its = egalik, it’s = it is / it has.