Countable Nouns, Some and Any
Sanaladigan otlar, some va any
Bu darsda
Oddiy qilib aytganda
Bu mavzu bitta oddiy savolga tayanadi: narsani donalab sanash mumkinmi?
- Olmani sanaymiz: bitta olma, ikkita olma, o‘nta olma. Demak, apple — sanaladigan ot.
- Suvni sanamaymiz: “ikkita suv” demaymiz, “ikki stakan suv” deymiz. Demak, water — sanalmaydigan ot.
Bu bo‘linish ingliz tilida juda muhim, chunki u a / an, ko‘plik shakli, fe’l va miqdor so‘zlarini (some, any, much, many) belgilaydi.
Muammo shundaki, ba’zi so‘zlar o‘zbekchada sanaladi, inglizchada esa yo‘q. Masalan, “maslahat” va “ma’lumot”: biz “uchta maslahat” deymiz, inglizchada esa advice sanalmaydi — three advices deyish xato. Bunday so‘zlarni alohida yodlash kerak.
| Sanaladigan | Sanalmaydigan |
|---|---|
| a book, two books | water, milk, rice, money |
| an apple, three apples | sugar, bread, information, advice |
| a / an va ko‘plik mumkin | a / an va ko‘plik mumkin emas |
| fe’l birlik yoki ko‘plik | fe’l doim birlik |
Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:
- Sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan otlarni farqlash.
- O‘zbeklarni chalkashtiradigan sanalmaydigan so‘zlar.
- Sanalmaydiganni o‘lchash: a cup of, a piece of, a bottle of.
- some va any: qachon qaysi biri.
- no, a lot of, much, many bilan tanishuv.
- Ikki ma’noli otlar va eng ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar.
Sanaladigan otlar
Alohida, donalab sanash mumkin bo‘lgan narsalar: odamlar, hayvonlar, buyumlar, joylar.
- I have a sister and two brothers.Bitta opam va ikkita akam bor.
- There is an apple on the table.Stolda bitta olma bor.
- There are five apples in the bag.Sumkada beshta olma bor.
- How many chairs do we need?Bizga nechta stul kerak?
Muhim: sanaladigan ot birlikda yolg‘iz turolmaydi. Unga a / an, the, my, this kabi so‘z kerak: I have a car (I have car emas).
Sanalmaydigan otlar
Donalab sanab bo‘lmaydigan narsalar. Ular a / an olmaydi, -s qo‘shilmaydi va fe’l doim birlikda bo‘ladi.
| Guruh | Misollar |
|---|---|
| Suyuqliklar | water, milk, tea, coffee, juice, oil |
| Moddalar, mahsulotlar | sugar, salt, rice, flour, bread, meat, cheese, butter |
| Materiallar | wood, paper, glass, gold, plastic |
| Mavhum tushunchalar | love, happiness, help, time, music, art |
| Gazlar, tabiat | air, weather, rain, snow, sunshine |
| Umumlashtiruvchi so‘zlar | money, furniture, luggage, traffic |
- The water is cold.Suv sovuq. (birlik fe’l)
- I need help.Menga yordam kerak. (a help emas)
- Money isn’t everything.Pul hamma narsa emas.
- There is a lot of traffic today.Bugun tirbandlik ko‘p.
O‘zbeklarni chalkashtiradigan so‘zlar
Diqqat: Bu so‘zlar inglizchada sanalmaydi: advice, information, news, furniture, homework, luggage, money, weather, work, hair, bread, knowledge, progress, equipment.
| So‘z | Ma’nosi | Noto‘g‘ri | To‘g‘ri |
|---|---|---|---|
| advice | maslahat | an advice, advices | some advice, a piece of advice |
| information | ma’lumot | informations | some information |
| news | yangilik | a news | some news, a piece of news |
| furniture | mebel | furnitures | some furniture, a piece of furniture |
| homework | uy vazifasi | homeworks | some homework |
| luggage | yuk, bagaj | luggages | some luggage, a suitcase |
| hair | soch | hairs (boshdagi) | hair |
| work | ish | a work | a job / some work |
| bread | non | two breads | two loaves of bread |
- My hair is long.Sochim uzun. (o‘zbekcha “sochlar” bo‘lsa ham)
- This news is good.Bu yangilik yaxshi.
- Can you give me some advice?Menga maslahat bera olasizmi?
- I have a lot of homework today.Bugun uy vazifam ko‘p.
- The furniture in this room is new.Bu xonadagi mebel yangi.
news -s bilan tugaydi, lekin birlik: The news is bad (are emas).
work va job: work — sanalmaydi (umumiy ish), job — sanaladi (lavozim): I have a new job. I have a lot of work.
Sanalmaydiganni o‘lchash
Sanalmaydigan narsani “bitta”, “ikkita” qilib aytish uchun o‘lchov so‘zi qo‘shiladi. Endi o‘lchov so‘zi sanaladi.
- a cup of tea → two cups of teabir piyola choy → ikki piyola choy
- a glass of waterbir stakan suv
- a loaf of bread → three loaves of breadbitta non → uchta non
- a piece of advicebitta maslahat
- two kilos of meatikki kilo go‘sht
- a slice of cakebir bo‘lak tort
O‘zbekchada ham shunday deymiz: “bir piyola choy”, “ikki kilo go‘sht”. Farqi shundaki, inglizchada of qo‘shiladi.
Kafe va restoranlarda so‘zlashuvda ba’zan qisqaroq aytiladi: Two coffees, please. (= two cups of coffee). Bu norasmiy, lekin keng tarqalgan.
some va any
Some va any — “bir oz, bir nechta, qandaydir” ma’nosidagi miqdor so‘zlari. Ular ham sanaladigan ko‘plik, ham sanalmaydigan otlar bilan ishlatiladi.
- There is some milk in the fridge.Muzlatgichda bir oz sut bor.
- There are some apples on the table.Stolda bir nechta olma bor.
- There aren’t any eggs.Tuxum yo‘q.
- Is there any coffee?Qahva bormi?
- Can I have some water?Biroz suv bera olasizmi?
some va any mantiqi
Some — “bor, lekin qancha ekanini aniq aytmayapman”. Any — “umuman borligini bilmayman” (savol) yoki “umuman yo‘q” (inkor).
- I have some money.Biroz pulim bor.
- Do you have any money?Pulingiz bormi? (umuman bormi?)
- I don’t have any money.Umuman pulim yo‘q.
Savolda some — taklif va iltimos
Taklif yoki iltimosda javob “ha” bo‘lishini kutamiz, shuning uchun savolda ham some ishlatiladi:
- Would you like some tea?Choy ichasizmi? (taklif)
- Can I have some bread, please?Non bersangiz. (iltimos)
- Could you give me some advice?Maslahat bera olasizmi?
any bo‘lishli gapda
Bo‘lishli gapda any “istalgan, qaysi bo‘lsa ham” degan ma’noni beradi:
- You can take any book.Istalgan kitobni olishingiz mumkin.
- Call me any time.Istalgan vaqtda qo‘ng‘iroq qiling.
no — “hech qanday”
no — not any ning qisqa va kuchliroq shakli. U bo‘lishli fe’l bilan ishlatiladi.
- There is no milk. = There isn’t any milk.Sut yo‘q.
- I have no time.Vaqtim yo‘q.
- There are no buses after midnight.Yarim tundan keyin avtobus yo‘q.
I don’t have no money — xato. Inglizchada ikki marta inkor bo‘lmaydi.
Ko‘p va oz: birinchi tanishuv
Miqdor so‘zlari ham sanaladigan / sanalmaydiganga qarab tanlanadi. Bu mavzuni “Miqdor so‘zlari” darsida batafsil o‘rganamiz.
| Sanaladigan (ko‘plik) | Sanalmaydigan | Ikkalasi bilan |
|---|---|---|
| many books | much water | a lot of books / water |
| a few friends | a little sugar | some / any |
| How many apples? | How much money? | no |
- How many brothers do you have?Nechta akangiz bor?
- How much sugar do you want?Qancha shakar xohlaysiz?
- I have a lot of friends.Do‘stlarim ko‘p.
- There is a lot of snow.Qor ko‘p.
Ikki ma’noli otlar
Ba’zi otlar ma’nosiga qarab ham sanaladigan, ham sanalmaydigan bo‘lishi mumkin.
| Sanalmaydigan (umumiy) | Sanaladigan (dona) |
|---|---|
| I like chicken. (tovuq go‘shti) | There are three chickens. (tirik tovuqlar) |
| I don’t have time. (vaqt) | I’ve been there three times. (marta) |
| The window is made of glass. (shisha) | Can I have a glass of water? (stakan) |
| I drink coffee. (qahva) | Two coffees, please. (ikki piyola) |
| She has long hair. (soch) | There’s a hair in my soup! (bitta tola) |
| I need paper. (qog‘oz) | I bought a paper. (gazeta) |
Bosqichma-bosqich
Otni ishlatishdan oldin tekshiring.
- Sanaladimi? Ha bo‘lsa: a / an yoki son qo‘shing, ko‘plik mumkin.
- Sanalmaydimi? a / an va -s yo‘q, fe’l birlikda bo‘ladi.
- Gap turi qanday? Bo‘lishli — some, inkor va savol — any, taklif — some.
Misol: “Menga maslahat kerak.”
- advice — sanalmaydi → a / an yo‘q, -s yo‘q.
- Bo‘lishli gap → some.
Misol: “Sumkada olma bormi?”
- apple — sanaladi, savol ko‘plik haqida → apples.
- Savol → any, ko‘plik → are.
Misol: “Ikki non va bir shisha suv bering.”
- bread, water — sanalmaydi → o‘lchov so‘zi kerak.
- non → loaves of bread, suv → a bottle of water.
- The water is cold.Suv sovuq. (birlik fe’l)
- The apples are sweet.Olmalar shirin. (ko‘plik fe’l)
- My hair is long.Sochim uzun.
- This news is good.Bu yangilik yaxshi.
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
✗ I need an information.
✓ I need some information.
information sanalmaydi.
✗ two breads
✓ two loaves of bread
bread sanalmaydi.
✗ I have any money.
✓ I have some money.
Bo‘lishli gapda some.
✗ Can you give me an advice?
✓ Can you give me some advice?
advice sanalmaydi.
✗ My hairs are long.
✓ My hair is long.
hair (boshdagi) sanalmaydi.
✗ The news are good.
✓ The news is good.
news — birlik.
✗ I have many homeworks.
✓ I have a lot of homework.
homework sanalmaydi.
✗ I don’t have no time.
✓ I don’t have any time. / I have no time.
Ikki marta inkor yo‘q.
✗ There are some milk.
✓ There is some milk.
Sanalmaydigan — is.
✗ How many money?
✓ How much money?
money sanalmaydi.
✗ a new furniture
✓ some new furniture / a piece of furniture
furniture sanalmaydi.
Eslab qoling: advice, information, news, money, hair, homework, furniture — sanalmaydi. Ularga a / an va -s qo‘shilmaydi.
Hayotiy vaziyatlarda
Do‘konda
- — Good morning. Can I have some bread, please?— Xayrli tong. Non bersangiz.
- — How many loaves?— Nechta?
- — Two, please. And a kilo of sugar.— Ikkita. Va bir kilo shakar.
- — Anything else?— Yana biror narsa?
- — Do you have any eggs?— Tuxum bormi?
- — Sorry, we don’t have any eggs today.— Kechirasiz, bugun tuxum yo‘q.
Uyda
We need to go shopping. There isn’t any milk in the fridge and there are no eggs. We have some rice, but there isn’t much meat. Let’s buy some vegetables too: a kilo of tomatoes and some onions. Oh, and a bottle of oil!
O‘zingizni tekshiring
- I’d like ___ glass of water. → a
- There isn’t ___ sugar in my tea. → any
- Can I give you ___ advice? → some
- My hair ___ (be) very long. → is
- The news ___ (be) surprising. → is
- Do you have ___ brothers? → any
- Would you like ___ cake? → some
- Xatoni toping: I need some informations. → I need some information.
Qisqa xulosa
- Sanaladigan: a / an, son, ko‘plik -s mumkin.
- Sanalmaydigan: a / an va -s yo‘q, fe’l doim birlik.
- advice, information, news, money, hair, homework, furniture, bread — sanalmaydi.
- O‘lchov: a cup of, a glass of, a piece of, a loaf of, a kilo of.
- Bo‘lishli — some, inkor va savol — any, taklif va iltimos — some.
- no = not any: I have no money.
- Sanaladigan — many, sanalmaydigan — much, ikkalasi — a lot of.