Emphasis and Hedging

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Bu darsdagi ikki ko‘nikma — qarama-qarshi:

• Kuchaytirish (emphasis) — “ishonchim komil, bu muhim!” — fikrni kuchliroq qilish.
• Yumshatish (hedging) — “ehtiyotkorlik bilan aytaman” — fikrni yumshoqroq, ehtiyotkorroq qilish.

• This definitely causes cancer.Bu albatta saraton keltirib chiqaradi. (kuchaytirish)
• This may be linked to cancer.Bu saraton bilan bog‘liq bo‘lishi mumkin. (yumshatish)

Yuqori darajadagi yozuvchi va so‘zlovchi bu ikkisini ongli ravishda boshqaradi: qachon kuchli gapirish, qachon ehtiyotkor bo‘lishni biladi.

Yumshatish — zaiflik emas! Ilmda “Bu dori davolaydi” deyish xavfli va noto‘g‘ri bo‘lishi mumkin. “Bu dori davolashda foydali bo‘lishi mumkin” esa — to‘g‘ri va halol. Ilmiy matnlarda, IELTS insholarida va muloyim suhbatda yumshatish juda muhim.

O‘zbekchada ham shunday so‘zlar bor: kuchaytirish uchun — albatta, shubhasiz, aynan, rostdan; yumshatish uchun — balki, ehtimol, menimcha, -ga o‘xshaydi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. do + fe’l bilan kuchaytirish.
2. Kuchaytiruvchi ravish va iboralar.
3. Yumshatish: modal fe’llar, seem / appear / tend to.
4. Akademik yumshatish iboralari.
5. Muloyim so‘zlashuv va rad etishni yumshatish.
6. Bir fikrni turli kuch bilan aytish.

Kuchaytirish (emphasis)

do / does / did + fe’l

Bo‘lishli gapda do / does / did qo‘shilsa, fe’l kuchayadi: “rostdan, haqiqatan”. Nutqda do ga urg‘u beriladi.

• I do like your idea.G‘oyangiz menga haqiqatan yoqdi.
• She did call you.U sizga rostdan qo‘ng‘iroq qildi.
• Do sit down.Marhamat, o‘tiring.
• He does work hard, but he isn’t paid well.U rostdan qattiq ishlaydi, lekin unga yaxshi maosh to‘lanmaydi.
• I did tell you! You weren’t listening.Men sizga aytgan edim-ku! Tinglamadingiz.

Bu usul ayniqsa e’tirozga javob berishda yoki qarama-qarshi fikr bildirishda qulay: “You didn’t call me!” — “I did call you!”

Kuchaytiruvchi ravishlar

• This is by far the best.Bu shubhasiz eng yaxshisi.
• I absolutely agree.To‘liq qo‘shilaman.
• It’s the very thing I need.Menga aynan shu kerak.
• I have no idea whatsoever.Hech qanday tasavvurim yo‘q.
• What on earth are you doing?Nima qilyapsiz o‘zi?

Kuchaytiruvchi iboralar

• Without a doubt, this is the best.Shubhasiz, bu eng yaxshisi.
• There’s no denying that it’s hard.Bu qiyin ekanini inkor etib bo‘lmaydi.
• It goes without saying that safety is important.Xavfsizlik muhim ekanini aytmasa ham bo‘ladi.
• On no account must you tell.Hech qachon aytmasligingiz kerak.
• Not a single person came.Birorta ham odam kelmadi.
• Above all, be honest.Eng muhimi, halol bo‘ling.

Boshqa kuchaytirish usullari

1. do + fe’l: I do agree.
2. Ravish: absolutely, totally, definitely.
3. Inversiya: Never have I seen...
4. Cleft: It was Ali who...; What I need is...
5. Takrorlash: very, very good; much, much better.
6. Kuchli sifatlar: fantastic, terrible (very good o‘rniga).

Yumshatish (hedging)

Ilmiy matnlarda va muloyim suhbatda fikr ehtiyotkorlik bilan aytiladi. Bu bizni xato qilishdan, qo‘pollikdan va haddan tashqari umumlashtirishdan saqlaydi.

Yumshatish usullari

• The results seem to confirm the theory.Natijalar nazariyani tasdiqlaganga o‘xshaydi.
• It appears that the plan has failed.Reja muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchraganga o‘xshaydi.
• Young people tend to spend more time online.Yoshlar internetda ko‘proq vaqt o‘tkazishga moyil.
• This may be due to the weather.Bu ob-havo sababli bo‘lishi mumkin.
• The data suggest a link between diet and health.Ma’lumotlar parhez va sog‘liq o‘rtasidagi bog‘liqlikni ko‘rsatadi.

Akademik yumshatish iboralari

IELTS insholari va ilmiy maqolalarda juda foydali:

• It could be argued that technology makes us lonely.Texnologiya bizni yolg‘iz qiladi, deb ta’kidlash mumkin.
• To some extent, this is true.Ma’lum darajada bu to‘g‘ri.
• In some cases, the treatment does not work.Ba’zi hollarda davolash samara bermaydi.
• There is some evidence that exercise improves memory.Jismoniy mashqlar xotirani yaxshilashiga oid ba’zi dalillar bor.
• It is generally believed that education reduces poverty.Ta’lim qashshoqlikni kamaytiradi, deb umumiy hisoblanadi.
• As far as I know, the shop is still open.Bilishimcha, do‘kon hali ham ochiq.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Bir fikrni turli kuch bilan aytamiz:

• This definitely causes cancer.Bu albatta saraton keltirib chiqaradi. (kuchli)
• This causes cancer.Bu saraton keltirib chiqaradi. (fakt)
• This is likely to cause cancer.Bu saraton keltirib chiqarishi ehtimoli katta.
• This may cause cancer.Bu saraton keltirib chiqarishi mumkin.
• This appears to be linked to cancer.Bu saraton bilan bog‘liq ko‘rinadi. (ehtiyotkor)

Misol: Social media makes teenagers unhappy. — akademik yumshatish

1. Modal: can make yoki may make.
2. Umumlashtirishni kamaytiring: teenagers → some teenagers.
3. Ibora: Research suggests that...

Misol: I did finish the report! (e’tirozga javob)

1. Kuchaytirish — did + fe’l.

Muloyim so‘zlashuv

Kundalik muloqotda yumshatish — odob belgisi. Ayniqsa iltimos, tanqid va rad etishda.

• I was wondering if you could help me.Menga yordam bera olmasmikansiz deb o‘ylagandim.
• Would you mind opening the window?Derazani ochib yubora olasizmi?
• It seems to me that we need more time.Menimcha, bizga ko‘proq vaqt kerak.
• I’m not sure that’s the best idea.Bu eng yaxshi fikr ekanini aniq bilmayman.
• Perhaps we could try a different approach?Balki boshqa yondashuvni sinab ko‘rarmiz?

Rad etishni yumshatish

To‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri “Yo‘q” yoki “Siz noto‘g‘risiz” deyish qo‘pol eshitilishi mumkin. Inglizlar rad etishni yumshatadi:

• I’m afraid I disagree.Afsuski, qo‘shilmayman.
• That’s not quite right.Bu unchalik to‘g‘ri emas.
• I see your point, but...Fikringizni tushunaman, lekin...
• I’m not entirely convinced.Men to‘liq ishonmadim.
• That’s an interesting idea, however...Bu qiziq fikr, biroq...

Kuchaytirish va yumshatish — qachon?

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: kuchaytirish — do + fe’l, absolutely, by far, cleft, inversiya. Yumshatish — may / might, seem / appear / tend to, perhaps, to some extent.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

IELTS insho parchasi (yumshatish bilan)

It is often argued that working from home is better for employees. To some extent, this may be true, as people tend to have more free time. However, there is some evidence that remote workers can feel isolated. It could be argued that a combination of office and home working is likely to be the best solution for most companies.

Ish yig‘ilishida (ikkalasi ham)

• — I think we should change our supplier.— Menimcha, yetkazib beruvchimizni almashtirishimiz kerak.
• — I’m not sure that’s quite the right solution.— Bu to‘g‘ri yechim ekaniga to‘liq ishonchim komil emas.
• — But the quality has definitely dropped.— Lekin sifat aniq pasaydi.
• — I do see your point. Perhaps we could talk to them first?— Fikringizni haqiqatan tushunaman. Balki avval ular bilan gaplasharmiz?
• — Fine. But it goes without saying that we can’t wait forever.— Mayli. Lekin abadiy kutolmasligimiz aniq.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Kuchaytiring: I like your dress. → I do like your dress.
2. Kuchaytiring: This is the best restaurant. → This is by far the best restaurant.
3. Yumshating: Prices will increase. → Prices are likely to increase.
4. Yumshating: Students prefer online learning. → Students tend to prefer online learning.
5. Muloyim qiling: You’re wrong. → I’m not sure that’s quite right.
6. Rostdan ham sizga xat yuborganman! → I did send you an email!
7. Bu ma’lum darajada to‘g‘ri. → To some extent, this is true.
8. Xatoni toping: This may can help. → This may help.

Qisqa xulosa

• Kuchaytirish: do / does / did + fe’l, absolutely, definitely, by far, without a doubt, there’s no denying.
• Boshqa usullar: inversiya, cleft, kuchli sifatlar, takrorlash.
• Yumshatish: may / might / could, seem / appear / tend to / suggest, perhaps, generally.
• Akademik: It could be argued that..., To some extent..., There is some evidence that...
• Muloyim: I was wondering if..., Would you mind..., I’m not sure that’s quite right.
• Ilmiy matnda — ko‘p yumshatish, e’tirozda — kuchaytirish.
• Yumshatish — zaiflik emas, halollik va odob.