Must and Have to

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Must va have to — ikkalasi ham “kerak, shart, majburman” degani. O‘zbekchadagi -ishim kerak, -ishim shart, majburman shakllariga to‘g‘ri keladi.

Ularning farqini “kim talab qilyapti?” degan savol ochadi:

• Must — ichki ovoz. Siz o‘zingiz buni muhim deb bilasiz: “Onamga qo‘ng‘iroq qilishim kerak” (hech kim majburlamayapti, lekin men shunday his qilaman).
• Have to — tashqi qoida. Maktab, ish, qonun yoki vaziyat talab qiladi: “Ishda forma kiyishim shart” (bu ish qoidasi).

• I must call my mother.Onamga qo‘ng‘iroq qilishim kerak. (o‘zim muhim deb bilaman)
• I have to wear a uniform at work.Ishda forma kiyishim shart. (ish qoidasi)

Eng muhim tuzoq — inkorda. Bu ikki so‘zning inkori butunlay boshqa ma’no beradi:

• mustn’t — “mumkin emas!”, taqiqlangan;
• don’t have to — “shart emas”, xohlasangiz qiling, xohlamasangiz yo‘q.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. must va have to ning tuzilishi.
2. Ma’no farqi: ichki va tashqi majburiyat.
3. mustn’t va don’t have to — eng muhim farq.
4. O‘tgan va kelasi zamon: had to, will have to.
5. Savol: Do I have to...?
6. need to, have got to va must ning taxmin ma’nosi.

Tuzilishi

must

must — modal fe’l, xuddi can, should, will kabi:

• hamma shaxsda bir xil (-s yo‘q);
• undan keyin to qo‘yilmaydi;
• keyingi fe’l asosiy shaklda.

• I must go.Ketishim kerak.
• She must study harder.U ko‘proq o‘qishi kerak.
• We must be careful.Ehtiyot bo‘lishimiz kerak.

have to

have to — oddiy fe’l kabi ishlaydi:

• he / she / it bilan has to;
• inkor va savolda do / does / did kerak;
• barcha zamonlarda ishlatiladi.

• I have to get up at six.Oltida turishim kerak.
• My brother has to work on Saturdays.Akam shanba kunlari ishlashi kerak.
• Do you have to wear a tie?Galstuk taqishingiz shartmi?

Talaffuz: have to ko‘pincha “hafta”, has to — “hasta” deb aytiladi.

Ma’no farqi

Ko‘pincha must va have to ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri va farq juda kichik. Lekin aniq farq bor:

must ko‘pincha yozma qoidalar va rasmiy ogohlantirishlarda ham uchraydi:

• Passengers must wear seat belts.Yo‘lovchilar xavfsizlik kamarini taqishi shart.
• All students must arrive by 8:30.Barcha talabalar 8:30 gacha kelishi shart.
• You must be 18 to drive.Mashina haydash uchun 18 yoshda bo‘lish shart.

Kundalik nutqda o‘z majburiyatlaringiz haqida gapirganda have to ko‘proq ishlatiladi:

• I have to go now. My bus leaves in five minutes.Hozir ketishim kerak. Avtobusim besh daqiqadan keyin jo‘naydi.
• Sorry, I can’t come. I have to work.Kechirasiz, kela olmayman. Ishlashim kerak.

must — samimiy tavsiya

must kuchli tavsiya uchun ham ishlatiladi — “albatta ...ing”:

• You must try this cake! It’s delicious.Bu tortni albatta tatib ko‘ring! Juda mazali.
• You must visit Samarkand.Samarqandga albatta boring.

Inkorda ma’no butunlay o‘zgaradi

Bu darsning eng muhim qismi.

• You must wear a seat belt.Xavfsizlik kamarini taqishingiz shart.
• You mustn’t be late.Kechikmaslik kerak.
• You don’t have to pay. It’s free.To‘lash shart emas. Bu bepul.
• Tomorrow is Sunday. I don’t have to get up early.Ertaga yakshanba. Erta turishim shart emas.

Taqiq va erkinlikni solishtiring

• You mustn’t tell him.Unga aytish mumkin emas. (sir)
• You don’t have to tell him.Unga aytish shart emas. (o‘zingiz bilasiz)

mustn’t talaffuzi: “masnt” — birinchi t aytilmaydi.

O‘tgan va kelasi zamon

must ning o‘tgan va kelasi zamon shakli yo‘q. Ularning o‘rniga have to ishlatiladi.

• We had to wait for an hour.Bir soat kutishimizga to‘g‘ri keldi.
• I didn’t have to pay for the ticket.Chipta uchun to‘lashim shart bo‘lmadi.
• Did you have to work yesterday?Kecha ishlashingiz kerak bo‘ldimi?
• You will have to wait.Kutishingizga to‘g‘ri keladi.
• We won’t have to take a taxi. Dad will drive us.Taksi olishimiz shart bo‘lmaydi. Dadam olib boradi.

I musted go yoki I will must go — xato.

Savol

Must bilan savol mumkin, lekin rasmiy va eski eshitiladi: Must I go? So‘zlashuvda deyarli doim Do I have to...? ishlatiladi.

• Do I have to go?Borishim shartmi?
• Does she have to work tomorrow?U ertaga ishlashi kerakmi?
• What time do you have to get up?Soat nechada turishingiz kerak?
• Why do we have to do this?Nega buni qilishimiz kerak?
• Do I have to bring anything?Biror narsa olib kelishim kerakmi?

need to va have got to

need to — yumshoqroq

need to — “kerak”, lekin majburiyatdan ko‘ra zarurat ma’nosida. U have to kabi ishlaydi.

• I need to buy milk.Sut olishim kerak.
• She needs to rest.Unga dam olish kerak.
• You don’t need to come.Kelishingiz shart emas. (= don’t have to)
• Do we need to book a table?Stolni oldindan band qilishimiz kerakmi?

don’t need to = don’t have to — ikkalasi ham “shart emas”.

have got to — so‘zlashuvda

Britaniya so‘zlashuvida have got to (qisqasi: I’ve got to) — have to bilan bir xil ma’no:

• I’ve got to go.Ketishim kerak.
• She’s got to finish this today.U buni bugun tugatishi kerak.

Tez nutqda “gotta” deb eshitiladi: I gotta go. Yozma ishda ishlatmang.

must ning ikkinchi ma’nosi: taxmin

must faqat majburiyat emas. U qat’iy taxmin ham bildiradi — “bo‘lsa kerak, aniq shunday”. Dalilga asoslanib xulosa chiqaramiz.

• You’ve worked all day. You must be tired.Kun bo‘yi ishladingiz. Charchagan bo‘lsangiz kerak.
• She must be at home. Her car is outside.U uyda bo‘lsa kerak. Mashinasi tashqarida.
• That must be Ali. He’s always late.Bu Ali bo‘lsa kerak. U doim kechikadi.

Bu ma’noni “Modal fe’llar: may, might, could” darsida batafsil o‘rganamiz. Bu ma’noda have to kamroq ishlatiladi.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Gap tuzish uchun shu yo‘ldan yuring.

1. Ma’no? Majburiyatmi, taqiqmi yoki zarurat yo‘qmi?
2. Zamon? must faqat hozirgi zamon; boshqa zamonda — have to.
3. Shaxs? must o‘zgarmaydi; have to esa he / she bilan has to.

Misol: “Ertaga erta turishim shart emas.”

1. Ma’no: zarurat yo‘q → don’t have to (mustn’t emas!).
2. Ega: I.

Misol: “Kecha biz ikki soat kutishga majbur bo‘ldik.”

1. Ma’no: majburiyat.
2. Zamon: o‘tgan → had to (must emas).

Misol: “Bu yerda rasmga olish mumkin emas.”

1. Ma’no: taqiq → mustn’t.

• I must call my mother.Onamga qo‘ng‘iroq qilishim kerak. (o‘zim xohlayman)
• I have to wear a uniform at work.Ishda forma kiyishim shart. (ish qoidasi)
• She has to leave at six.U oltida ketishi kerak.
• Students must not use phones in the exam.Talabalar imtihonda telefon ishlatmasligi kerak.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: mustn’t = mumkin emas (taqiq). don’t have to = shart emas (ixtiyoriy).

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Yangi ishda

• — What time do I have to start?— Soat nechada boshlashim kerak?
• — At nine. You mustn’t be late — the boss is very strict.— To‘qqizda. Kechikmang — boshliq juda qattiqqo‘l.
• — Do I have to wear a suit?— Kostyum kiyishim shartmi?
• — No, you don’t have to. Smart clothes are fine.— Yo‘q, shart emas. Ozoda kiyim yetarli.
• — And do we have to work on Saturdays?— Shanba kunlari ishlashimiz kerakmi?
• — Only once a month.— Faqat oyiga bir marta.

Maktab qoidalari

At our school there are a lot of rules. We have to wear a uniform and we must arrive before 8 o’clock. We mustn’t use our phones in class and we mustn’t eat in the classroom. But we don’t have to stay after school, and on Fridays we don’t have to wear the uniform. Last year we had to do homework every day, but this year we don’t have to do so much.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. You ___ smoke in the hospital. (taqiq) → mustn’t
2. It’s free. You ___ pay. (shart emas) → don’t have to
3. She ___ (have to) get up at six every day. → has to
4. Yesterday I ___ (have to) stay at work until 9. → had to
5. Ertaga ishlashingiz kerakmi? → Do you have to work tomorrow?
6. Kelasi yil ko‘chib o‘tishimizga to‘g‘ri keladi. → We will have to move next year.
7. Siz charchagan bo‘lsangiz kerak. → You must be tired.
8. Xatoni toping: He must to finish his work. → He must finish his work.

Qisqa xulosa

• must — ichki majburiyat, qoidalar; have to — tashqi majburiyat.
• must + fe’l (to yo‘q, -s yo‘q); have to / has to + fe’l.
• mustn’t — taqiq (mumkin emas); don’t have to — zarurat yo‘q (shart emas).
• O‘tgan zamon: had to; kelasi zamon: will have to.
• Savol: Do I have to...?
• need to — yumshoqroq; don’t need to = don’t have to.
• must taxmin ham bildiradi: You must be tired.