Passive Voice

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Odatda gap ish qiluvchidan boshlanadi: “Ishchilar uy qurishadi.” Bu — faol nisbat (active voice). Lekin ba’zan kim qilgani noma’lum yoki muhim emas. Muhimi — nima qilingani: “Uy qurildi.” Bu — majhul nisbat (passive voice).

O‘zbekchada majhul nisbat -il, -in, -l qo‘shimchalari bilan yasaladi: qurildi, yozilgan, o‘g‘irlandi, gapiriladi. Inglizchada esa to be + fe’lning 3-shakli.

• Workers built this house.Bu uyni ishchilar qurdi. (faol — kim qilgani muhim)
• This house was built in 1990.Bu uy 1990-yilda qurilgan. (majhul — uy muhim)

Majhul nisbat yangiliklar, ilmiy matnlar, rasmiy yozuvlar, ko‘rsatmalar va tarix haqidagi matnlarda juda ko‘p uchraydi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Majhul nisbat qanday tuziladi.
2. Barcha zamonlarda majhul nisbat.
3. Faol gapni majhulga aylantirish.
4. by — ish qiluvchini qachon aytish kerak.
5. Inkor va savol.
6. Majhul nisbat qachon kerak, qachon kerak emas.

Qanday tuziladi?

Majhul nisbat ikki qismdan iborat:

1. to be — zamonga va egaga qarab o‘zgaradi (is, are, was, were, has been, will be...);
2. fe’lning 3-shakli — o‘zgarmaydi (built, written, made, eaten...).

Zamon faqat to be da ko‘rinadi. 3-shakl doim bir xil qoladi.

• This car was made in Asaka.Bu mashina Asakada ishlab chiqarilgan.
• Rice is grown in Khorezm.Xorazmda sholi yetishtiriladi.
• My phone was stolen.Telefonim o‘g‘irlandi.
• Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.“Gamlet”ni Shekspir yozgan.
• The new school will be opened next year.Yangi maktab kelasi yil ochiladi.
• Your room is being cleaned.Xonangiz tozalanmoqda.
• The letter has already been sent.Xat allaqachon yuborilgan.

Faol gapni majhulga aylantirish

Bosqichma-bosqich

Faol gapni majhulga aylantiramiz: Someone stole my car.

1. To‘ldiruvchini boshga chiqaring: my car → My car.
2. Original zamonni aniqlang: stole → Past Simple.
3. to be ni o‘sha zamonga qo‘ying: Past Simple, birlik → was.
4. Fe’lni 3-shaklga o‘tkazing: steal → stole → stolen.
5. Ish qiluvchini tashlang: someone — muhim emas.

Yana bir misol: They are building a new hospital.

1. To‘ldiruvchi: a new hospital → A new hospital.
2. Zamon: are building → Present Continuous.
3. to be: is being.
4. V3: build → built.

Yana bir misol: The teacher will check the tests tomorrow.

1. To‘ldiruvchi: the tests (ko‘plik).
2. Zamon: will check → Future.
3. to be: will be. V3: checked.
4. Ish qiluvchi — muhim bo‘lsa: by the teacher.

Ish qiluvchini qachon aytish kerak?

Ish qiluvchi by bilan aytiladi, lekin faqat u muhim yoki qiziq bo‘lsa.

• The Registan was built in the 15th century.Registon XV asrda qurilgan. (kim qurgani muhim emas)
• Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.“Gamlet”ni Shekspir yozgan. (kim yozgani muhim)
• The window was broken.Deraza sindirilgan. (kim — noma’lum)
• The window was broken by a ball.Deraza to‘p bilan sindirilgan. (sabab qiziq)

by ishlatilmaydi:

• ish qiluvchi noma’lum bo‘lsa: My bag was stolen (by someone emas);
• ish qiluvchi aniq yoki umumiy bo‘lsa: English is spoken here (by people emas);
• ish qiluvchi muhim emas bo‘lsa: The road was repaired.

Qachon majhul nisbat ishlatiladi?

1. Kim qilgani noma’lum

• My bike was stolen last night.Kecha tunda velosipedim o‘g‘irlandi.
• The museum was robbed.Muzey talon-taroj qilindi.

2. Kim qilgani muhim emas yoki aniq

• English is spoken all over the world.Ingliz tilida butun dunyoda gaplashiladi.
• The streets are cleaned every morning.Ko‘chalar har tong tozalanadi.
• The patient was taken to hospital.Bemor kasalxonaga olib borildi.

3. Natija yoki jarayon muhim (ilmiy, texnik matnlar)

• The water is heated to 100 degrees.Suv 100 darajagacha isitiladi.
• The results were analysed carefully.Natijalar diqqat bilan tahlil qilindi.
• Cotton is grown in many regions of Uzbekistan.O‘zbekistonning ko‘p hududlarida paxta yetishtiriladi.

4. Rasmiy qoidalar va e’lonlar

• Smoking is not allowed here.Bu yerda chekish taqiqlanadi.
• Passengers are requested to show their tickets.Yo‘lovchilardan chiptalarini ko‘rsatish so‘raladi.
• The shop will be closed on Sunday.Do‘kon yakshanba kuni yopiq bo‘ladi.

5. Tug‘ilish va boshqa tayyor iboralar

• I was born in Bukhara.Men Buxoroda tug‘ilganman.
• The meeting is held every Monday.Yig‘ilish har dushanba o‘tkaziladi.
• He was injured in an accident.U avariyada jarohatlandi.

Inkor va savol

Majhul nisbatda faqat to be o‘zgaradi — xuddi oddiy to be gaplaridagi kabi.

• The work wasn’t finished.Ish tugatilmagan edi.
• Was the work finished?Ish tugatildimi?
• Where were you born?Qayerda tug‘ilgansiz?
• When was this bridge built?Bu ko‘prik qachon qurilgan?
• The letter hasn’t been sent yet.Xat hali yuborilmagan.
• Is English spoken in Uzbekistan?O‘zbekistonda ingliz tilida gaplashiladimi?
• This phone can’t be repaired.Bu telefonni ta’mirlab bo‘lmaydi.

Faqat to‘ldiruvchili fe’llar

Majhul nisbat faqat to‘ldiruvchi oladigan fe’llardan yasaladi (o‘timli fe’llar): build a house → a house is built.

To‘ldiruvchi olmaydigan fe’llar (come, go, arrive, sleep, die, happen) majhul nisbatda bo‘lmaydi:

• The accident happened yesterday.Baxtsiz hodisa kecha yuz berdi. (was happened emas)
• He died in 1990.U 1990-yilda vafot etdi. (was died emas)
• The train arrived late.Poyezd kechikib keldi. (was arrived emas)

Faol shaklni afzal ko‘ring

Agar ish qiluvchi aniq va muhim bo‘lsa, faol gap kuchliroq va tabiiyroq:

• Ali broke the window.Ali derazani sindirdi. (yaxshi)
• The window was broken by Ali.Deraza Ali tomonidan sindirildi. (og‘ir, rasmiy)

Kundalik nutqda faol nisbat ko‘proq ishlatiladi. Majhul nisbat — ko‘proq yozma, rasmiy va ilmiy uslubda.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: majhul nisbat = to be + V3. Zamon to be da ko‘rinadi, 3-shakl o‘zgarmaydi.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Shahar haqida

Samarkand is one of the oldest cities in the world. It was founded more than 2,700 years ago. The famous Registan was built in the 15th–17th centuries. Today the city is visited by thousands of tourists every year. Many old buildings have been restored, and new hotels are being built. In 2001 the city was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Yangiliklar

• A new metro line has been opened in Tashkent.Toshkentda yangi metro liniyasi ochildi.
• Three people were injured in the accident.Avariyada uch kishi jarohatlandi.
• The match was cancelled because of the rain.O‘yin yomg‘ir sababli bekor qilindi.
• The winner will be announced tomorrow.G‘olib ertaga e’lon qilinadi.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Paper ___ (make) from wood. → is made
2. This song ___ (write) in 1985. → was written
3. The bridge ___ (build) now. → is being built
4. The work ___ already ___ (finish). → has / been finished
5. Bu telefon Koreyada ishlab chiqarilgan. → This phone was made in Korea.
6. Natijalar ertaga e’lon qilinadi. → The results will be announced tomorrow.
7. Hamyonim o‘g‘irlandi! → My wallet has been stolen!
8. Xatoni toping: The letter was send yesterday. → The letter was sent yesterday.

Qisqa xulosa

• Tuzilishi: to be + fe’lning 3-shakli.
• Zamon to be da ko‘rinadi: is / was / has been / will be / is being + V3.
• Ish qiluvchi noma’lum, muhim emas yoki aniq bo‘lsa ishlatiladi.
• Kim qilgani by bilan — faqat zarur bo‘lsa.
• Inkor va savolda faqat to be o‘zgaradi.
• Faqat to‘ldiruvchili fe’llardan yasaladi (happen, arrive, die — yo‘q).
• Kundalik nutqda faol nisbat tabiiyroq.