Personal Pronouns

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Olmosh — otning “o‘rinbosari”. Tasavvur qiling: “Anvar keldi. Anvar charchagan. Anvar uxladi.” Bunday gapirish zerikarli va g‘alati. Shuning uchun “Anvar keldi. U charchagan. U uxladi” deymiz. Mana shu “u” — olmosh. U ot o‘rnida keladi va takrorlashdan qutqaradi.

O‘zbek tilida olmosh qo‘shimcha bilan o‘zgaradi: men, meni, menga, mendan. Ingliz tilida esa qo‘shimcha yo‘q, buning o‘rniga so‘zning o‘zi o‘zgaradi: I → me, he → him, we → us.

Har bir kishilik olmoshining ikki shakli bor:

• Ega shakli (subject) — ishni qiluvchi: I, he, she, we, they;
• To‘ldiruvchi shakli (object) — ish qaratilgan odam: me, him, her, us, them.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Har bir olmosh nimani bildiradi: I, you, he, she, it, we, they.
2. Ega va to‘ldiruvchi shakllarini qanday tanlash.
3. Predloglardan keyin qaysi shakl keladi.
4. it ning maxsus vazifasi (ob-havo, vaqt, masofa).
5. you, they va “men ham” kabi muhim holatlar.
6. Eng ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar.

Har bir olmosh bilan tanishamiz

I — men

I doim katta harf bilan yoziladi, hatto gap o‘rtasida ham. Bu ingliz tilining qat’iy qoidasi.

• I am from Uzbekistan.Men O‘zbekistondanman.
• My friend and I went to the cinema.Do‘stim bilan kinoga bordik.
• Can I help you?Sizga yordam bera olamanmi?

My friend and I tuzilmasiga e’tibor bering: inglizlar o‘zini oxirida aytishadi. Bu odob belgisi. I and my friend deyish xato emas, lekin odobsizroq eshitiladi.

you — sen, siz, sizlar

You bitta so‘z, lekin uch ma’noga ega: sen, siz (hurmat) va sizlar (ko‘plik). Ingliz tilida “sen” va “siz” farqi yo‘q. Hurmat ohang, so‘zlar va murojaat orqali bildiriladi: Mr, Mrs, sir, please.

• You are my best friend.Sen mening eng yaqin do‘stimsan.
• Mr Karimov, could you help me?Karimov janoblari, menga yordam bera olasizmi?
• Children, you can go home now.Bolalar, endi uyga ketishingiz mumkin.

Fe’l doim ko‘plikdagidek bo‘ladi: you are, you were — hatto bitta odamga gapirganda ham.

he, she, it — u

Bu o‘zbek o‘quvchilari uchun eng muhim farq. O‘zbek tilida “u” — bitta so‘z. Ingliz tilida esa uchta:

• This is Bobur. He is my brother.Bu Bobur. U mening akam.
• This is Zarina. She is a nurse.Bu Zarina. U hamshira.
• This is my phone. It is new.Bu mening telefonim. U yangi.
• I have a cat. It is very lazy.Mening mushugim bor. U juda dangasa.

Diqqat: uy hayvonlari haqida egasi ko‘pincha he yoki she deydi, chunki ular oila a’zosiday: Our dog Rex? He is very friendly. Lekin noma’lum hayvon uchun doim it.

Chaqaloq jinsi noma’lum bo‘lsa, ba’zan it deyiladi, lekin bugun ko‘proq they yoki he or she ishlatiladi.

we — biz

We — gapiruvchi va boshqa odamlar birgalikda.

• We live in Andijan.Biz Andijonda yashaymiz.
• My wife and I... → We have two children.Xotinim va men... → Bizning ikki farzandimiz bor.

they — ular

They — odamlar uchun ham, narsalar uchun ham ko‘plik.

• My parents are teachers. They work at a school.Ota-onam o‘qituvchi. Ular maktabda ishlaydi.
• I bought new shoes. They are very comfortable.Yangi poyabzal oldim. Ular juda qulay.

They jinsi noma’lum yoki aytilmagan bitta odam uchun ham ishlatiladi:

• Someone called you. They didn’t say their name.Kimdir sizga qo‘ng‘iroq qildi. Ismini aytmadi.
• If a student is late, they must wait outside.Agar talaba kechiksa, tashqarida kutishi kerak.

Ega shakli va to‘ldiruvchi shakli

Asosiy qoida

• She loves him.U (ayol) uni (erkakni) yaxshi ko‘radi.
• He loves her.U (erkak) uni (ayolni) yaxshi ko‘radi.
• They help us.Ular bizga yordam beradi.
• We help them.Biz ularga yordam beramiz.
• I know you.Men sizni taniyman.

Birinchi ikki gapga qarang: so‘zlar she / her va he / him almashdi va ma’no ham o‘zgardi. Shuning uchun shaklni to‘g‘ri tanlash juda muhim.

O‘zbekcha qo‘shimchalar bilan solishtiring

To‘ldiruvchi shakli o‘zbek tilidagi -ni, -ga qo‘shimchalariga to‘g‘ri keladi:

Predloglardan keyin

Predlog (for, with, to, at, from, about, without) dan keyin doim to‘ldiruvchi shakli keladi. Bu qoidada istisno yo‘q.

• This gift is for her.Bu sovg‘a unga.
• Come with us.Biz bilan keling.
• Listen to me.Meni tinglang.
• I’m thinking about you.Siz haqingizda o‘ylayapman.
• She got a letter from him.U undan xat oldi.
• We can’t do it without them.Ularsiz buni qila olmaymiz.
• Look at it!Unga qarang!

For I, with she, to he — har doim xato. To‘g‘ri: for me, with her, to him.

Qisqa javoblar va “men ham”

Og‘zaki nutqda, ayniqsa qisqa javoblarda, fe’lsiz olmosh qolsa, to‘ldiruvchi shakli ishlatiladi:

• — Who wants tea? — Me!— Kim choy xohlaydi? — Men!
• — I’m hungry. — Me too.— Qornim och. — Meniki ham.
• — Who did it? — Not me!— Kim qildi? — Men emas!
• — Who is it? — It’s me.— Kim u? — Menman.

Rasmiy uslubda It is I ham to‘g‘ri, lekin kundalik nutqda deyarli ishlatilmaydi.

Taqqoslashda ham og‘zaki nutqda to‘ldiruvchi shakli keladi: She is taller than me. Rasmiyroq: She is taller than I am.

“It” ning maxsus vazifasi

Ingliz gapida ega shart. Shuning uchun gapda haqiqiy ega bo‘lmasa, it “bo‘sh ega” sifatida qo‘yiladi. Uni o‘zbekchaga tarjima qilmaymiz.

• It’s late. Let’s go home.Kech bo‘ldi. Uyga ketaylik.
• It takes two hours to get to Samarkand.Samarqandga borish ikki soat oladi.
• It is important to drink water.Suv ichish muhim.

Olmoshni ot bilan birga ishlatmang

O‘zbekchada “Opam, u hamshira” kabi gaplar og‘zaki nutqda uchraydi. Ingliz tilida esa bitta gapda ot va uning olmoshi birga ega bo‘lmaydi.

• My sister is a nurse.Opam hamshira. (to‘g‘ri)
• She is a nurse.U hamshira. (to‘g‘ri)
• My sister she is a nurse.— (xato: ega ikki marta)

Bosqichma-bosqich

Olmosh tanlashda uchta savol bering.

1. Kim yoki nima haqida? Erkak → he / him, ayol → she / her, narsa → it, ko‘plik → they / them.
2. Bu odam ishni qilyaptimi (fe’ldan oldinmi)? Ha bo‘lsa — ega shakli: I, he, she, we, they.
3. Ish unga qaratilganmi yoki oldida predlog bormi? Ha bo‘lsa — to‘ldiruvchi shakli: me, him, her, us, them.

Misol: “Men uni (qizni) har kuni ko‘raman.”

1. Kim ko‘radi? Men → ega shakli: I.
2. Kimni? Uni (qiz) → to‘ldiruvchi, ayol: her.
3. Fe’l: see.

Misol: “Ular biz bilan kelishdi.”

1. Kim? Ular → They.
2. Kim bilan? biz bilan → predlog with + to‘ldiruvchi: with us.

• I see him.Men uni ko‘ryapman. (men qilyapman, u ko‘rinyapti)
• He sees me.U meni ko‘ryapti. (rollar almashdi)
• This gift is for her.Bu sovg‘a unga. (for predlogi)
• Come with us.Biz bilan keling. (with predlogi)

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Diqqat: O‘zbek tilida “u” bitta so‘z, ingliz tilida esa uchta: erkak uchun he, ayol uchun she, narsa va hayvon uchun it.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Oila suratini ko‘rsatish

• — Who is this?— Bu kim?
• — This is my uncle. He lives in Termez.— Bu amakim. U Termizda yashaydi.
• — And the woman next to him?— Uning yonidagi ayol-chi?
• — That’s his wife. She is very kind. I love her.— Bu uning xotini. U juda mehribon. Men uni yaxshi ko‘raman.

Do‘st bilan

• — Are you coming with us?— Biz bilan borasanmi?
• — Sorry, I can’t. My parents need me at home.— Kechir, borolmayman. Ota-onamga uyda kerakman.
• — OK. Say hello to them!— Mayli. Ularga salom ayt!

Kichik matn

I have a best friend. Her name is Nigora. She lives near me, and we walk to work together. She has a little dog. It is white and very funny. Every evening we take it to the park. Nigora’s parents are very friendly. They often invite me for dinner.

Har bir olmosh qaysi otning o‘rnida kelganini va nima uchun aynan shu shakl tanlanganini toping.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

To‘g‘ri olmoshni tanlang.

1. (I / me) live in Tashkent. → I
2. Can you help (we / us)? → us
3. This letter is for (she / her). → her
4. (He / Him) is my teacher. → He
5. Look at the cat. (It / He) is sleeping. → It
6. I called my parents and told (they / them) the news. → them
7. ___ is very hot today. → It
8. My brother and (I / me) are students. → I

Qisqa xulosa

• Fe’ldan oldin (ega): I, you, he, she, it, we, they.
• Fe’l yoki predlogdan keyin (to‘ldiruvchi): me, you, him, her, it, us, them.
• Erkak — he, ayol — she, narsa va hayvon — it, ko‘plik — they.
• you — sen, siz va sizlar; fe’l doim are / were.
• I doim katta harf bilan yoziladi.
• Ob-havo, vaqt, masofa haqida ega — it.
• Qisqa javoblarda: Me too. It’s me. Not me.
• Ot va uning olmoshi bitta gapda ega bo‘lmaydi.