The Subjunctive

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Subjunktiv (subjunctive — istak mayli) — bo‘lgan faktni emas, talab qilingan, kerakli yoki xohlangan narsani bildiradigan fe’l shakli.

Uning eng qiziq xususiyati: he / she / it bilan ham fe’lga -s qo‘shilmaydi:

• He goes to school every day.U har kuni maktabga boradi. (fakt — -s bor)
• I insist that he go to school.Uning maktabga borishini talab qilaman. (talab — -s yo‘q!)

Bu grammatik xato emas. I insist that he go — chunki “u borishi kerak” — bu fakt emas, istak, talab. Subjunktiv fe’l doim asosiy shaklda (infinitiv, to siz) qoladi.

O‘zbekchada bu -sin shakliga o‘xshaydi: “U borsin”, “Hamma vaqtida kelsin”. Subjunktiv asosan rasmiy xatlarda, hujjatlarda, qonunlarda, akademik matnlarda va Amerika ingliz tilida uchraydi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Subjunktiv nima va qachon ishlatiladi.
2. Talab va tavsiya fe’llaridan keyin.
3. Muhimlik sifatlaridan keyin.
4. Inkor va to be bilan.
5. Britaniya varianti: should.
6. Tayyor iboralar va were — subjunktiv qoldiqlari.

Talab va tavsiya fe’llaridan keyin

Bu fe’llardan keyin that + ega + fe’lning asosiy shakli:

• I suggest that he see a doctor.Unga shifokorga borishni tavsiya qilaman.
• The doctor recommended that she rest.Shifokor unga dam olishni tavsiya qildi.
• The teacher insisted that every student do the homework.O‘qituvchi har bir o‘quvchi uy vazifasini qilishini talab qildi.
• The company requires that each employee wear a uniform.Kompaniya har bir xodim forma kiyishini talab qiladi.

Muhimlik sifatlaridan keyin

It is + sifat + that + ega + asosiy shakl:

• It is vital that everyone be on time.Hamma vaqtida kelishi juda muhim.
• It is essential that she know the truth.Uning haqiqatni bilishi zarur.
• It is important that he attend the meeting.Uning yig‘ilishda qatnashishi muhim.
• It is crucial that the report be finished today.Hisobotning bugun tugatilishi hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga ega.

Ot bilan

suggestion, recommendation, demand, requirement, insistence kabi otlardan keyin ham:

• The suggestion that he resign was rejected.Uning iste’foga chiqishi haqidagi taklif rad etildi.
• It is a requirement that all students pass the test.Barcha talabalarning testdan o‘tishi talab qilinadi.

Inkor va to be

Inkor: not + fe’l

Subjunktivda inkor not + fe’l bilan yasaladi — do / does / don’t ishlatilmaydi.

• We ask that you not smoke.Chekmasligingizni so‘raymiz. (do yo‘q)
• They insisted that he not leave.Ular uning ketmasligini talab qilishdi.
• It’s important that she not be late.Uning kechikmasligi muhim.
• The doctor recommended that he not eat sugar.Shifokor unga shakar yemaslikni tavsiya qildi.

They insisted that he doesn’t leave — xato (rasmiy uslubda).

to be: be (is / are emas)

• It’s essential that she be present.Uning ishtiroki shart. (is emas, be)
• I demand that this be stopped.Bu to‘xtatilishini talab qilaman.
• They requested that the fee be paid in advance.To‘lov oldindan amalga oshirilishini so‘rashdi.
• He proposed that the meeting be postponed.U yig‘ilishni keyinga qoldirishni taklif qildi.

Majhul subjunktiv: be + V3: that it be done, that he be told.

O‘tgan zamonda ham o‘zgarmaydi

Asosiy fe’l o‘tgan zamonda bo‘lsa ham, subjunktiv o‘zgarmaydi — doim asosiy shakl.

• They demanded that he leave.Ular uning ketishini talab qilishdi. (left emas)
• The judge ordered that the man be released.Sudya odamning ozod qilinishini buyurdi. (was emas)
• She suggested that we meet at 6.U soat 6 da uchrashishimizni taklif qildi. (met emas)

Britaniya uslubi: should

Britaniyada subjunktiv o‘rniga ko‘pincha should + fe’l ishlatiladi. Ma’no bir xil.

• I suggest that he should see a doctor.Unga shifokorga borishni tavsiya qilaman.
• It’s essential that she should be present.Uning ishtiroki shart.
• They insisted that he should not leave.Ular uning ketmasligini talab qilishdi.

Norasmiy Britaniya nutqida hatto oddiy zamon ham eshitiladi: We suggest that he goes. Lekin rasmiy yozuv va imtihonlarda subjunktiv yoki should ishlating.

suggest — tuzoq

suggest dan keyin kim + to ishlatilmaydi. Uchta to‘g‘ri variant bor:

I suggest him to go — xato.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Misol: “Shifokor uning dam olishini tavsiya qildi.”

1. Talab fe’li: The doctor recommended.
2. that: that.
3. Ega: he.
4. Fe’lning asosiy shakli, -s siz: rest.

Misol: “Barcha yo‘lovchilarning kamar taqishi shart.”

1. Muhimlik: It is essential that.
2. Ega: all passengers. Fe’l: wear (asosiy shakl).

Misol: “Ular uning bu haqda gapirmasligini so‘rashdi.”

1. Talab: They asked that.
2. Inkor: he not talk (do yo‘q).

Tayyor iboralar

Subjunktiv ba’zi qadimiy, tayyor iboralarda saqlanib qolgan:

• Long live Uzbekistan!Yashasin O‘zbekiston!
• God bless you!Xudo sizni asrasin!
• If need be, we’ll stay.Zarur bo‘lsa, qolamiz.
• Be that as it may, we must go.Nima bo‘lganda ham, ketishimiz kerak.
• Come what may, I’ll support you.Nima bo‘lsa ham, sizni qo‘llab-quvvatlayman.
• So be it.Shunday bo‘lsin.
• Suffice it to say that......ni aytish kifoya.

were — subjunktiv qoldig‘i

If I were you, I wish I were, as if he were — bular ham subjunktiv qoldiqlari. were — hamma shaxsda, haqiqatga zid holat uchun.

• If I were you, I would accept.Sizning o‘rningizda bo‘lganimda, qabul qilardim.
• I wish I were taller.Qaniydi, bo‘yim balandroq bo‘lsa.
• He talks as if he were the boss.U xuddi boshliqdek gapiradi.

Istak va boshqa shakllar

• I’d rather he stayed.U qolgani ma’qul. (o‘tgan shakl)
• It’s time she knew.U bilishi vaqti keldi. (o‘tgan shakl)
• I demand that this be stopped.Bu to‘xtatilishini talab qilaman. (subjunktiv)
• They requested that the fee be paid in advance.To‘lov oldindan amalga oshirilishini so‘rashdi.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: talab, tavsiya, muhimlik + that + ega + fe’lning asosiy shakli (-s yo‘q, be, inkor — not + fe’l).

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Rasmiy xat

Dear Parents,

We request that all students arrive at school by 8:00 am. It is essential that every child bring a packed lunch on Friday. The school recommends that students not use mobile phones during lessons. We also ask that parents be present at the meeting on 15 May. Should you have any questions, please contact the office.

Yours sincerely, The Headteacher

Shifokor bilan

• — What do you recommend, doctor?— Nima tavsiya qilasiz, doktor?
• — I recommend that you rest for a week.— Bir hafta dam olishingizni tavsiya qilaman.
• — Can I go to work?— Ishga borsam bo‘ladimi?
• — I insist that you not go to work. It’s important that you be careful.— Ishga bormasligingizni talab qilaman. Ehtiyot bo‘lishingiz muhim.
• — Anything else?— Yana nima?
• — I suggest that your wife cook light food for you.— Xotiningiz sizga yengil ovqat pishirishini taklif qilaman.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. The teacher insisted that he ___ (do) the test again. → do
2. It is vital that she ___ (be) informed. → be
3. They recommended that we ___ (not / travel) at night. → not travel
4. I suggest that he ___ (call) the manager. → call / should call
5. Hamma vaqtida kelishi muhim. → It is important that everyone be on time.
6. Ular uning ishdan ketishini talab qilishdi. → They demanded that he leave his job.
7. Zarur bo‘lsa, ertaga qaytaman. → If need be, I’ll come back tomorrow.
8. Xatoni toping: I suggest him to apply for the job. → I suggest that he apply for the job.

Qisqa xulosa

• Subjunktiv — talab, tavsiya, istak uchun; fakt emas.
• suggest, recommend, demand, insist, request + that + ega + asosiy shakl.
• essential, vital, important, necessary + that + ega + asosiy shakl.
• -s yo‘q, to be → be, inkor — not + fe’l (do yo‘q).
• O‘tgan zamonda ham o‘zgarmaydi: They demanded that he leave.
• Britaniyada should + fe’l ham mumkin.
• Tayyor iboralar: Long live..., If need be, Be that as it may, Come what may.
• were (If I were you) — subjunktiv qoldig‘i.