Participle Clauses

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Yaxshi yozuvchi “U uyga ketdi. U charchagan edi” demaydi — ikki gapni bittaga jamlaydi: “Charchagani uchun uyga ketdi.” Inglizchada buning uchun sifatdosh oborotlar (participle clauses) ishlatiladi: -ing yoki 3-shakl bilan gapni qisqartiramiz.

• She was tired. She went to bed.U charchagan edi. U uxlagani yotdi. (ikki gap)
• Feeling tired, she went to bed.Charchaganini his qilib, u uxlagani yotdi. (bitta gap)

O‘zbekchada bu vazifani -ib, -gan, -gach, -ganda qo‘shimchalari bajaradi: charchab, kelgan, tugatgach, yurganda. Masalan: “Ishni tugatgach, uyga ketdim.”

Sifatdosh oborotlar yozma nutqda — hikoyalar, insholar, maqolalar va rasmiy matnlarda — juda foydali. Ular matnni ixcham, ravon va professional qiladi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. -ing oboroti — bir vaqtda yoki sabab.
2. Having + V3 — oldin bo‘lgan ish.
3. V3 oboroti — majhul ma’no.
4. Aniqlovchi gapni qisqartirish: the man sitting there.
5. Vaqt va sabab bog‘lovchilari bilan: after finishing, while working.
6. Ega bir xil bo‘lishi shart — eng muhim qoida va xatolar.

1. -ing oboroti

-ing oboroti (present participle) ikki ish bir vaqtda bo‘lganda yoki sabab bildirganda ishlatiladi. Uning ma’nosi faol: ega ishni o‘zi qiladi.

Bir vaqtda

• Walking home, I saw an old friend.Uyga ketayotib, eski do‘stimni ko‘rdim.
• Smiling, he opened the door.Jilmayib, u eshikni ochdi.
• She sat by the window, reading a book.U deraza yonida kitob o‘qib o‘tirdi.
• Looking out of the window, I saw the snow.Derazadan qarab, qorni ko‘rdim.

Sabab

• Feeling tired, she went to bed.Charchaganini his qilib, u uxlagani yotdi. (= Because she felt tired)
• Being a doctor, he knew what to do.Shifokor bo‘lgani uchun u nima qilishni bilardi.
• Not knowing what to do, she called me.Nima qilishni bilmay, u menga qo‘ng‘iroq qildi.
• Having no money, I stayed at home.Pulim yo‘qligi uchun uyda qoldim.

Inkor: not — -ing dan oldin: Not knowing..., Not wanting...

2. Having + 3-shakl — oldin bo‘lgan ish

Agar bir ish ikkinchisidan oldin tugagan bo‘lsa — Having + V3 (perfect participle). O‘zbekchadagi -gach, -ib bo‘lib ga to‘g‘ri keladi.

• Having eaten, we left.Ovqatlanib bo‘lib, ketdik.
• Having finished work, she went home.Ishni tugatgach, u uyga ketdi.
• Having read the book, I returned it.Kitobni o‘qib, qaytardim.
• Having lived in London for years, he speaks perfect English.Londonda yillar yashagani uchun u mukammal inglizcha gapiradi.
• Having been to Paris before, she knew the city well.Parijda oldin bo‘lgani uchun u shaharni yaxshi bilardi.

3. 3-shakl oboroti — majhul ma’no

3-shakl (past participle) oboroti majhul ma’noni beradi: ega ishni o‘zi qilmaydi, ish unga qilinadi.

• Built in 1400, the mosque is famous.1400-yilda qurilgan masjid mashhur. (= which was built)
• Written in English, the book is hard for me.Inglizcha yozilgani uchun kitob menga qiyin.
• Shocked by the news, she started crying.Yangilikdan larzaga kelib, u yig‘lay boshladi.
• Made of gold, the ring was very expensive.Oltindan yasalgan uzuk juda qimmat edi.
• Asked about the problem, he said nothing.Muammo haqida so‘ralganda, u hech narsa demadi.

Uch asosiy shakl

• Smiling, he opened the door.Jilmayib, u eshikni ochdi. (bir vaqtda — faol)
• Having read the book, I returned it.Kitobni o‘qib, qaytardim. (oldin)
• Written in English, it’s hard for me.Inglizcha yozilgani uchun menga qiyin. (majhul)

Aniqlovchi gapni qisqartirish

Sifatdosh oborot aniqlovchi ergash gapni (who / which) ham qisqartiradi. Bu juda keng tarqalgan.

• The man who is standing there → The man standing thereU yerda turgan odam
• The car which was stolen → The car stolen yesterdayKecha o‘g‘irlangan mashina
• The man sitting there is my boss.U yerda o‘tirgan odam mening boshlig‘im.
• The car made in Germany is expensive.Germaniyada ishlab chiqarilgan mashina qimmat.
• People living in cities often feel stressed.Shaharlarda yashaydigan odamlar ko‘pincha stressni his qiladi.
• Most of the products sold here are imported.Bu yerda sotiladigan mahsulotlarning ko‘pi import qilingan.

Vaqt va sabab bog‘lovchilari bilan

Ma’noni aniqroq qilish uchun oborot oldiga bog‘lovchi qo‘yish mumkin: after, before, while, when, since, by, on.

• After finishing the work, I left.Ishni tugatgach, ketdim.
• Before leaving, lock the door.Ketishdan oldin eshikni qulflang.
• While working there, he met his wife.U yerda ishlayotganida xotini bilan tanishdi.
• When asked about it, she smiled.Bu haqda so‘ralganda, u jilmaydi.
• On arriving at the hotel, we went to sleep.Mehmonxonaga yetib kelishimiz bilan uxladik.
• By working hard, he became successful.Qattiq mehnat qilib, u muvaffaqiyatga erishdi.

-ing va -ed sifatlar

Sifatdosh shakllar sifat sifatida ham ishlatiladi — bu A1 darsidan tanish:

• It’s an interesting book.Bu qiziqarli kitob.
• I am interested in history.Men tarixga qiziqaman.
• The news was shocking.Yangilik larzaga soluvchi edi.
• We were shocked by the news.Biz yangilikdan larzaga keldik.

Ega bir xil bo‘lishi shart

Bu — sifatdosh oborotlarning eng muhim qoidasi va eng ko‘p buziladigan qoida. Oborotning yashirin egasi asosiy gap egasi bilan bir xil bo‘lishi kerak.

Qoida buzilsa, kulgili yoki bema’ni ma’no chiqadi: Walking in the park, the trees were beautiful — go‘yo daraxtlar sayr qilayotgandek! Inglizlar buni “dangling participle” (osilib qolgan sifatdosh) deyishadi.

• Walking in the park, I saw beautiful trees.Bog‘da sayr qilib, chiroyli daraxtlarni ko‘rdim. (to‘g‘ri)
• Having finished dinner, we watched TV.Kechki ovqatni tugatib, televizor ko‘rdik. (to‘g‘ri)

Bosqichma-bosqich

Ikki gapni birlashtiramiz: She finished work. She went home.

1. Ega bir xilmi? Ha, ikkalasida she.
2. Qaysi biri oldin? finished work.
3. Egani olib tashlang, shakl tanlang: Having finished work.
4. Asosiy gapni qoldiring: she went home.

The bridge was built in 1900. It is still strong.

1. Ega bir xil: the bridge = it.
2. Majhul (bridge was built) → V3: Built in 1900.

He didn’t know the way. He asked a policeman.

1. Ega bir xil: he.
2. Sabab + inkor → Not knowing the way.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: -ing — bir vaqtda / faol, Having + V3 — oldin, V3 — majhul. Oborot va asosiy gapning egasi bir xil bo‘lishi shart.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Hikoya parchasi

Waking up early, Dilnoza looked out of the window. Seeing the snow, she smiled. Having had a quick breakfast, she put on her coat and went outside. Walking through the quiet streets, she remembered her childhood. The old house, built by her grandfather, was still standing at the end of the road. Feeling happy, she took a photo and sent it to her family.

Matndagi har bir sifatdosh oborotni toping: qaysi biri -ing, qaysi biri Having + V3, qaysi biri V3?

Ilmiy matn

The survey, conducted in 2025, included 2,000 participants. Living in different regions of Uzbekistan, they represented a wide range of ages. Having analysed the results, the researchers concluded that most young people prefer studying online. The report, published last month, has been widely discussed.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. ___ (open) the door, she saw a stranger. → Opening
2. ___ (finish) his homework, he went out to play. → Having finished
3. ___ (make) in Japan, this car is very reliable. → Made
4. The woman ___ (talk) to my father is my teacher. → talking
5. Nima deyishni bilmay, u jim turdi. → Not knowing what to say, she stayed silent.
6. 1990-yilda yozilgan bu kitob hali ham mashhur. → Written in 1990, this book is still popular.
7. Ishni tugatgach, men uyga ketdim. → Having finished / After finishing the work, I went home.
8. Xatoni toping: Driving to work, my phone rang. → While I was driving to work, my phone rang.

Qisqa xulosa

• -ing oboroti — bir vaqtda, faol yoki sabab: Feeling tired, she went to bed.
• Having + V3 — oldin tugagan ish: Having finished, he left.
• V3 oboroti — majhul ma’no: Built in 1400, the mosque is famous.
• Aniqlovchi gapni qisqartirish: the man standing there, the car stolen yesterday.
• Bog‘lovchilar bilan: after, before, while, when, on, by + -ing.
• Inkor: Not + -ing.
• Eng muhim: oborot va asosiy gapning egasi bir xil bo‘lishi shart.